I would argue that Africa was ultimately both positively and negatively affected by European imperialism because although the Europeans were ruthlessly exploitive, they simultaneously brought order to an already chaotic continent. The African continent was in a state of upheaval long before the Europeans even came into the picture, as shown by the "slaving gangs sent out by some of [the continent's] own rulers [spreading] war and [sending] communities fleeing." The arrival of Europeans greatly improved life quality for Africans by "[bringing] schools and hospitals; and order, and the start of modern administration, on which independent states would later be built." However, many of the Europeans' colonization techniques led to extreme suffering