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Structural Realism Vs Neoliberalism

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Within the study of international relations, neoliberalism is a theory about achieving international cooperation between states in the international system. Neoliberalism can be seen as a response to structural realism. These two theories have in common that their main focus of analysis is the state and its interests. They also have the same interest in studying rationality and utility maximizing. Another assessment that these two theories share is that cooperation is very difficult to accomplish in an anarchic system. Because there is no higher authority above the states, the different actors cannot know or trust each other’s intentions and will therefore do what is best in their own interest and thus will not cooperate with each other. International …show more content…

Another difference between the two theories is that neoliberalists state that the emergence of international institutions, whether they be formal or informal, has made it easier to accomplish cooperation between states. Neoliberalists view the anarchy as a system that is slowly being taken over by human processes as well as emerging institutions, that now have more ability to ensure states ' survival and reduce uncertainty among states. Structural realists, on the other hand, believe that within an anarchic system, there is an inability to control, which contributes to uncertainty, mistrust, and the desire for power. Neoliberalists name interdependence as one of the reasons why realism can be considered an inaccurate description of today 's global politics. Interdependence is about the mutual reliance two or more states start. The amount of interdependence has increased throughout the years due to several industrial and technological developments. Interdependent relationships can be about economical, ecological, emotional or moral reliabilities. The participants in an interdependent relationship can benefit from the outcomes of the cooperation, and will therefore hesitate to end the relationship. Interdependence is basically about the creation of common interests or goals that can only be achieved if several states …show more content…

Russett and Oneal (2001) mention the factors of legitimacy, accountability, institutional checks and balances, transparency, and credibility of international agreements. Through the democratic states produce patterns of cooperation and it leads to peace. By economic interdependence, processes of reciprocal attention and communication, perceptions of needs and responsiveness and bonds of mutually rewarding transactions and feelings of community are being created. Economic interdependence enhances the chances for international peace throughout international trade and it reduces the possibility of conflict. Democracy and economic interdependence, both reduce the likelihood for

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Harvey 2005; Peck 2008; Springer 2010). Combined with an all encompassing commitment to extend the free market into virtually every aspect of life; neoliberalism is characterized by market deregulation, the redistribution of social service provision, and regressive tax policies that significantly enhance the power of elites and expand inequality (Harvey 2005). As a doctrine, neoliberalists "argue for the desirability of a society organized around self-regulating markets, and free, to the extent possible, from social and political intervention" (Glassman 2009: 497). As a policy neoliberalism often differs from its theory and the implementation of neoliberal policy is uneven (ibid).

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HIS 1010 Name: Abdullah Ali Mohammed Madonna ID: 250490 Neoliberalism has occupied Latin America for over three decades. The neoliberalism eliminates tariffs and government subsidies of national industry and implementing national policies that favor the needs of business and investment. In this essay, I am going to discuss the issues that faced Latin America because of neoliberalism and how it brought harm to Latin America. Neoliberalism caused a loss in state revenue, so the amount which helped to fund the social welfare programs faced a loss. The regulations of labors were weakened, financial trading was deregulated, and the prices of agricultural products were no longer controlled by the state.

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Milton Friedman revolutionized free market thinking. He believed in a free market as the best solution for the stability of an economy. Basing his theories on Adam Smith’s “invisible hand”, Friedman further developed Smith’s theory. In short, Friedman’s Neoliberalism can be described through one of his quotes on the social responsibility of business, “There is one and only one social responsibility of business — to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits, so long as it stays within the rules of the game” (Cooney, 2012). Friedman’s belief of the market’s perfection is based on the assumption that no actor would agree to a transaction if they did not find it fitting for themselves (Friedman, 1975).

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Neoliberalism and its implementation has had a major economic and cultural impact on countries in South America of which Chile being the most prominent example. From the beginning, neoliberalism was a project that was to restore the class power where the economic elites are in control. The theoretical utopianism of the neoliberal argument was primarily used as a method to justify the actions of General Augusto Pinochet’s militant rule where basic human rights were continuously violated. The basis of neoliberalism was deregulation and privatization of various sectors in a free market economy, however the consequences of these policies caused for many years of human rights violations under the rule of General Pinochet. The memories and the historical

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Constructivism Realism agrees with the theory that says the world is in anarchy (chaos). Constructivism also said that international relations can be established through conflict and cooperation. So here assessed the importance of existing institutions, namely through regulative and constitutive. Each country needs to comply with the decree. If away, then there are various forms of action to be taken such as military, economic supply restrictions and others.

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It is heavily influenced from the Groation tradition. According to this perspective, regimes are much more pervasive and exist in all areas of international relations. Contrary to the conventional structure and modified structural, this viewpoint moves away from realist thinking as it is “too limited to explain an increasingly complex, interdependent, and complex world.” This approach rejects the assumption that the international system is comprised of states and the balance of power is solely due to force. Rather, it argues that elites are the principal actors and that they have national and transnational ties.

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Realists are attuned to the idea that the international system is anarchic and that serious threats emerge all the time, requiring states to secure resources for survival. This involves periodic use of force; security represents the unique and main goal of foreign policy. Idealism, on the other side values morality as the basis of all relations among nations. It rejects the separation between the mind and the soul in politics. Idealists see the role of power as an undesirable factor to be eliminated.

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Classical realism and structural realism are both theories of International Relations, therefore huge differences are noticed in between those two. The main difference lies in the motivation to power, which is seen differently by both theories. Classical realism is concentrated in the desire of power- influence, control and dominance as basic to human nature. Whereas, structural realism is focused on the international system anarchic structure and how the great powers behave. Classical realists believe that power is related to human nature, thus their analysis of individuals and states is similar.

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