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The Newcastle Disease Study

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The first recognized occurrence of the Newcastle disease (ND) is Java, Indonesia (Kraneveld, 1926): generated in poultry in 1926 followed by Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England (Doyle, 1927) and then to be called in. However, there are some previous reports of similar illness in Central Europe before this date. (Hallas, 1912). Specifically, (1956) McPherson, attributed the death of all the chickens in the West Islands of Scotland due to Newcastle disease in 1896. This, ND might be that it did not occur in poultry before 1926 but the particular time of its recognition as a lethal poultry disease of viral origin dates from its outbreak in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The name New Castle was coined by Doyle as a temporary measure. (Doyle, 1935). Later other …show more content…

In order to compare the adjuvant activity of compound mucosal immune adjuvant (cMIA), two novel compound adjuvants (cMIA I and cMIA II) were prepared and mixed with Newcastle-disease (ND) vaccine. The humoral and cellular immune responses were determined by means of hemagglutination inhibition test, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemical examination and histological examination. The results showed that two compound adjuvants could promote CD3+ T lymphocytes, IgA secreting cells, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL) and Mast cells formation and enhance serum and content antibody titer. The best adjuvant activity of cMIA II in promoting cellular immunity and cMIA I in enhancing humoral immunity occurred in whole immune period. Based on good synergistic effects of their components, two cMIAs would be expected as new-type mucosal immune adjuvants for mucosal immune. NDV chitosan microsphere vaccine was prepared using chitosan as capsule wall material and NDV as core material. Its safety and potency was then evaluated. The results show that NDV chitosan microsphere vaccine was safe, could induce humoral and cell-mediated immune response and mucosal immunity strongly. The results of the potency tests confirmed that the vaccine could produce good protective effect. (Zhai et al,

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In this situation there are key ethical and legal situations that arise from the treatment and transportation of Craig. As the police are now involved the paramedics have better assistance with the legal side of restraint however the ethical issues remain import and need to be managed correctly. The first issue raised is the physical restraint of the patient, even thought the police are present the paramedics could take a different approach to avoid the use of physical restraint. It could be argued that the physical restrain is necessary in this situation as the patient could be a danger to himself or others.

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The disease was spread by the vector Rattus rattus and transmitted to people by the fleas. This organism was not new to the world in the fourteenth century, as Europe had experienced the Justinian plague in 542 AD . However, the people of Europe did not have any natural immunity or understanding of the disease caused by a bacterium Yersinia pestis. The people became aware of the relationship between rat and fleas only in late nineteenth century .

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Peter Stuyvesant constructed a “wooden palisade” where present day Wall Street in NYC is now today, this helped mark the city limitations (History). On September 8, 1664, New Amsterdam was required to surrender, in result of the ongoing battle between the British colonies and the Dutch colonies. Then the fort was give new name “Fort James” and the city of New Amsterdam renamed “New York” (History). This is how the start of the new name started and where New York came from today, after the battle between the British colonies and Dutch colonies everything started getting renamed in result of a new ruler coming and cities and towns being found.

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It happened in the bright, hot, dry like the desert in the summer of 1793. If you got infected by yellow fever you must of gotten bit by a tiny, fast flying, loud buzzing mosquitoes. Sadly 2,000 to 5,000 souls died because of this murderous disease. The comparison of the American doctors and French doctors you might believe do show a few similarities.

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Often as a result of overpopulation, pandemics—like swine flu and ebola, for instance—have affected life on Earth for centuries; one of the most well-known, and possibly the most unforgiving epidemics was the Bubonic Plague, also known as the Black Death . Although the first symptoms of the Plague trace back to the Mongol Empire in 1331, the disease first struck Europe in Venice and Genoa during the winter of 1348. In the following years, the Bubonic Plague spread rapidly throughout Europe, killing roughly a third of its population. It is suggested that the rapid spread and extreme severity of the Black Death was partially due to the weakened immune system of the Europeans, which had been caused by the Great Famine, a period of food scarcity that affected Europe from 1315 to 1322. Additionally, the lack of knowledge about the spread of

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Castleman’s Disease Immune System Castleman’s disease, also known as giant lymph node hyperplasia and CD, is a rare disorder that involves an overgrowth of cells in your body’s lymphatic system. It was first described by Dr. Benjamin Castleman in 1950. CD is not a form of cancer but is called lymphoproliferative disorder, which means there is an abnormal growth of lymphatic cells and is similar to cancers of the immune system. Although it may not be a type of cancer one of the two forms, called multicentric Castleman’s disease, acts just like lymphoma. Many people with multicentric Castleman’s disease actually develop lymphomas.

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The “Black Death” is history’s first pandemic. This pandemic originated in China in 1334 and peaked in Europe. This plague wiped out entire towns. There were so many deaths, that there were not enough survivors remaining to bury the people who have passed (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). It is believed that the cause of this outbreak was because of the bacterium Yersinia pestis, according to forensic research (Saylor).

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I will choose observational retrospective cohort design for my study. My research question was to identify the association between socioeconomic, biopsychosocial, environmental and genetic factors, and the development of childhood asthma. To establish the effect of allergen (cockroaches, dust), poverty, poor air ventilation in a house, racial factors and air pollution on developing children asthma, a cohort have to have a exposure and the cohort need to followed over time. Cohort studies are used to study the incidence, causes, natural history of a disease and prognosis.1 Because they measure events in the chronological order, they can be used to distinguish between cause and effect.1 This type of study is the best method for determining the incidence and natural history of a disease or condition.1 One of the advantages of doing retrospective cohort study is that the data already collected for some other research study or purposes. The cohort is “followed up” retrospectively.1

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Despite the gruesome and terrible deaths the Black Death caused, the preventative public health measures Medieval cities and towns took to stop the spread of disease influenced the development of public health boards and policies. The Black Death was an epidemic since the population experienced “a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.” The Black Death was caused by the bacterial strain Yersinia pestis, which is highly lethal. Yersinia pestis lives in the digestive system of fleas, and secondary carriers to the disease are rodents, as well as other common house and barn animals.

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is widely considered as the second pandemic from the Middle Ages (History-Plague). The bacteria causing this plague, Yersinia pestis, survives and spreads using rodents and their fleas (Transmission-Plague). Which is why this plague that started in 1334 had such a devastating blow. It started in China and spread along trade routes ending in Europe where overall it wiped out at least 60% of the population (History-Plague).

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I believe that natural exposure is the best vaccination. All vaccines contain deadly chemical additives. Vaccines contain neuro-damaging chemicals like Aluminum, Mercury, and Formaldehyde. They are also loaded with Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), Antibiotics, and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Not only are there these deadly additives but it is also questioned if the Mercury in the vaccines cause

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" World of Scientific). The cause of this widespread plague was certain bacterium called Pasteurella pestis that was embedded in fleas

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Following that, the doctor needs to inform the parent on what the vaccine will do to help the child. Convincing the parent what the pros on the vaccine are will raise the chances of agreeing to the injected vaccine. Some children are afraid of shots, so there is alternatives to this matter. The vaccine can be injected by nasal spray, liquid medicine, a swallow tablet, or in the more popular way, a shot. The CDC can send of PSA’s to inform the general public of the matter of

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It allows your body to learn what they should fight against. However, the vaccine effects will not make you sick, since it’s not an alive germ. As the disease enters the body, it alarms the your defense system and starts to create antibodies to kill the germ. The vaccine strengthens your immune system, so a disease will never infect you even if you come in contact with someone who has one. Having a strong immune system is a crucial part to ensure your children are

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Also stated in the article from vaccines.gov, “ Vaccines are only given to children after a long and careful review by scientists, doctors, and healthcare professionals. Vaccines will involve some discomfort and may cause pain, redness, or tenderness at the site of injection but this is minimal compared to the pain, discomfort, and trauma of the diseases these vaccines prevent.” Before vaccines can even be given to hospitals they have to be examined by scientists and specialists to make sure they are safe for children. Also vaccines have to be passed through certain health department before they are able to be sent out to hospitals to have children receive them. There are many different organizations and departments that make sure children can receive vaccines.

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