Non-Religious Theory

Throughout antiquity and trial, many concepts, hypotheses, and theories have been deliberated; some were discredited, while evidence based science concepts remained. Science rightly progressed in the 17th century through systemic observation, trial, and theory analysis. The scientific method created a substantial foundation for establishing accepted scientific principles, fundamental hypotheses, which are based on limited research that through experiment and validation establish an accepted scientific theory (Larsen 2016). Civilization has achieved knowledge and growth through a methodical empirical approach, practical observation and research.

A topic of considerable controversy, evolution has been recognized as proven significant principle.

British geologist and naturalist, Charles Darwin embarked the Beagle for a journey of evolutionary breakthrough along the islands of the Galapagos Archipelago of South America (Ayala 2015). Just as European seafaring and development conveyed awareness of the diversity of life across the globe, industrialization in Europe brought an awareness of change, instead of viewing a religious concept, it became more scientific. Darwin voyaged through the Pacific Ocean with readings of other intellectuals, who challenged and strengthened his theoretical discoveries. Such as, Geologist Sir Charles Lyell who proposed a non- religious theory through his book, Principles of Geology to account for variations in the earth's surface, also economist Thomas Malthus’s essay, who observed that animal populations differed from human populations in the sense that they remained stable, due to the balance of overproduction and mortality. The release of On the Origin of Species, by Darwin was delayed many years due to the expected overwhelming disapproval from Britain’s religious and scientific institutions. However, many other philosophies surfaced strengthening the controversially Darwinian evolutionary concept through a more in-depth explanation of genetics. The principle of evolution has been discussed and dissected throughout many years; nevertheless, the

Darwin’s findings tuned the theory of development accounting for transformation within species and for the surfacing of new species in purely naturalistic terms through generations. All species display a range of deviations, which expands their ability to expand beyond their means of existence. From a genetic perspective, evolution is defined as changes in allele frequencies in population, known as microevolution. All of these abstracted observations favored evolutionary theories of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, recombination and gene flow to create and pattern biological diversity (Larsen 2016). These mechanisms are recognized to regulate continuing evolution, most importantly to balance populations and progression. The most common mechanism is natural selection, known as “survival of the fittest”, it is the only known mechanism of adaptive evolution. The better species survive, and those beneficial virtues are passed on through reproductive success. Natural selection favors traits and that enhance a genotype's inclusive capability. Closely related organisms share many of the same alleles due to coexisting and successful reproduction