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Opioid Epidemic: A Literature Review

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Community Strategies to Address the Opioid Epidemic: A Literature Review
Francis Melaragni
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University

Abstract
Introduction
The impact of opioid drug abuse which includes both misuse of prescribed medication and illegal consumption of heroin and other opioids has become and been declared a public health emergency in Massachusetts and many other states. This problem has also been recognized as an urgent issue at the national level, and has received focus and attention from The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The purpose of this literature review is to assess what tactics and …show more content…

2015 Vermont responds to its opioid crisis Literature Review NA Coordinated efforts between the Vermont Department of Health's Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Programs (ADAP) have resulted in the creation of the Care Alliance for Opioid Addiction (or Hub & Spoke model).

Smith, R.J. 2015 How, why, and for whom do emergency medicine providers use prescription drug monitoring programs? Physician Interviews 61 PDMPs are used for multiple purposes, including identifying opioid misuse and enhancing provider-patient communication. Given variation in practice, standards may help direct indication and manner of physician use. Steps to minimize administrative barriers to PDMP access are warranted.
Wagner, K.D. 2014 Evaluation of an overdose prevention and response training programme for injection drug users in the Skid Row area of Los Angeles, CA. Informant Interviews 21 Overdose prevention and response training programs may be associated with improved overdose response behavior, with few adverse consequences and some unforeseen benefits, such as reductions in personal drug use

Results

Outcomes The articles selected addressed strategies and tactics being employed by the federal government, state governments, and local communities throughout the United States as they confront and manage the impact of the opioid …show more content…

The key to safer and more effective prescribing is to educate doctors about addiction and alternative approaches to pain management. The State programs cited by CDC include an increased effort to monitor and intervene in areas of high-risk prescribing. The PDMP are tools that have been implemented in most states and these create a central database to enable prescribers and dispensers to see all prescription activity for certain classes of opioids (CDC,

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In Pennsylvania, only a fraction of first responders carry the overdose reversal drug naloxone because of its high cost. Mr. Shapiro proposed a

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Over the past few years, the addiction of heroin has increased due to varieties of reason in different communities across the United States. The majority of media attention is focused on suburban, white, middle-class heroin abusers, meaning that the majority of America’s effort and resources to end the Heroin Epidemic is mainly for the White Community. Resulting in a dramatic increase of deaths caused from Heroin overdose in the minority communities in the past seven years. In the article, “How the Heroin Epidemic Differs in Communities of Color” by Sarah Childress, mentions how certain minority communities lack medical access for Heroin overdose (e.g. Naloxone) and knowledge of laws to protect the drug users from incarceration, Maryland’s

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mends the Controlled Substances Act to increase the number of patients that a qualifying practitioner dispensing narcotic drugs for maintenance or detoxification treatment is initially allowed to treat from 30 to 100 patients per year. Allows a qualifying physician, after one year, to request approval to treat an unlimited number of patients under specified conditions, including that he or she: (1) agrees to fully participate in the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program of the state in which the practitioner is licensed, (2) practices in a qualified practice setting, and (3) has completed at least 24 hours of training regarding treatment and management of opiate-dependent patients for substance use disorders provided by specified organizations.

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Recent reforms can curb the opioid epidemic. Yes, health care professionals have realized the complex problem and they now understand the problem and what needs to be done. According to CQ Researcher, “Experts see some progress in the fight against opioid painkiller abuse. After peaking in 2012, the number of prescriptions written for opioids declined 12 percent between 2013 and 2015, according to IMS Health, a market research company. Symphony Health Solutions, a data company that studies the pharmaceutical industry, found an 18 percent drop in that period.”

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I. Importance: As American deaths from drug overdoses continue to rise in the United States, the nation is faced with a public health crisis so profound that in October 2017, President Trump declared the opioid epidemic to be a national public health emergency (Merica). President Trump’s declaration came after numerous studies indicating the danger opioid addiction posed; for example, a 2016 study entitled “Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths—United States, 2010-2015” claimed that drug overdose deaths “nearly tripled during 1999-2014,” reaching a startling high 52,404 deaths in 2015 (Rudd, et al). These statistics are more than just disturbing revelations regarding the opioid crisis; they are evidence of a serious problem that is rapidly affecting the lives of more and more Americans every year. Death by overdose is not the only public policy concern, however, as millions of Americans are also addicted to prescription opioids.

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The death rate associated with opioid overdose has

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Without patient’s being aware of how to power the drug was, it eventually leads to the Opioids Crisis in America which now put a horrible word for the doctors and companies when it all starts by one person abusing the opioid pill. President Donald J. Trump idea that he had in mind was stated in the article of America’s Opioid Crisis, “But he reinforced the idea that the victims are to blame with an offhand reference to LSD.” Which indeed has the fact that people are to blame for misusage of the

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Prescription drugs (opiates only) have caused over 165,000 deaths within the last 15 years and is currently on the rise. Over 2 million Americans in 2014 were addicted to Opiate prescription narcotics. The most troubling fact is listed directly on the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website: “As many as 1 in 4

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The issue at hand is universal, but remains prominent specifically in Tempe, Arizona, with synthetic drugs and opiates trickling into the Arizona State University campus and the surrounding metro alike, causing family issues, drug related crimes, as well as contributing to the increasing the rate at which students drop out of college. This large college-town has its fair share of problems, though few as detrimental as drug abuse, and the current methods of combating it seem to raise more problems than solutions. The issue at hand is how to minimize community risk while still treating those who abuse illicit substances and offer an alternative to the current habits of living. The drug problem in Tempe is increasingly rampant and especially severe due to the large amount of student residents, and legislature must be passed to improve these

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Dependence on prescription opioids can stem from treatment of chronic pain and in recent years is the cause of the increased number of opioid overdoses. Opioids are very addictive substances, having serious life threatening consequences in case of intentional or accidental overdose. The euphoria attracts recreational use, and frequent,

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Opioid Epidemic in the United States              The opioid crisis has risen over the years here in America. The addiction to painkillers has caused many drug overdoses across America. According to the Vox," In 2015, more than 52,000 people have died from drug overdoses from linked to opioids such as Percocet, heroin, Oxycontin or even fentanyl. This problem did not become an overnight health crisis, but it has become quickly known in America.             Expanding our drug treatment centers across America would provide the support to those who are addicted to drugs.

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Introduction: Attention getter: according to ohio.gov, over 4,000 people died of drug overdose in 2016. Relevance: drug abuse is a growing epidemic especially here in Ohio, which is ranked 2nd worst overdose rates in the united states. Credibility: multiple of my family members have been addicted to drugs and i have first hand experience of how drug abuse can affect someone's life, and how rehab affects people addicted to drugs vs how prison affects people addicted to drugs. Thesis & Preview: as a result of the growing drug epidemic in the United States, thousands die every year. There are many proposed solutions for this problem such as decriminalization, rehab, prison, and even the death penalty.

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When people take these synthetic heroin pills, they do not feel as though it is a drug addiction as much as it is a way for them to deal with pain, over-stimulation, and as a tranquilizer. Today, we are currently facing an epidemic with drug addiction and continuously trying to solve the problem with a war on drugs. “The U.S. spends about $51 billion a year enforcing the war on drugs, and arrests nearly 1.5 million people for drug violations, according to Drug Policy Alliance, a drug policy reform group” (Ferner). Since the United States spends so much money on this epidemic, the numbers should start to go down, but it is instead doing the opposite. It is easy to figure out the numbers through doctors, “Increases in prescription drug misuse over the last

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This program could tackle both the education of the community as well as helping those addicted to opioids. The risk of not implementing any of these policy or strategies would far outweigh their cost. My recommendation for any Law Enforcement organization, is to implement all of these polices or strategies. But, implementing just one will directly affect the opioid overdose

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SWOT Analysis Before we implemented our opioid addiction and rehabilitation service, it was important for us to examine what obstacles we might face and need to overcome as well as what we might be able use in our favor to help with our service. We performed a SWOT analysis to help identify the external opportunities and threats that were present as well as our internal strengths and weaknesses so that we might more efficiently jumpstart our service. External SWOT Analysis

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