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Four Ethical Principles

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The four principles of ethics provides an accessible and culturally neutral approach to thinking about ethical issues in healthcare(1). This approach is based on the four prima facie moral commitments of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice(1, 2). It offers a moral, analytical framework for healthcare professionals to aid decisions, when moral issues arise(2). This approach was developed by Beauchamp and Childress in the 1980s to provide a common, moral language for clinicians(1). The term prima facie indicates that a principle is binding unless it conflicts with another moral principle(2, 3). Whilst this approach does not provide a method of choosing between the principles, it provides an ethical framework to follow(1-3). …show more content…

The legal precedent for informed consent establishes a patient’s right to determine what is done to their body(6). The process of consent protects patients against battery and unwanted medical procedures.(5, 7). Furthermore, it safeguards a patient’s right to autonomy and self-determination.(8) The ethical purpose of informed consent seeks to shift the decision-making away from the clinician and towards the patient(7). The basic elements of informed consent consist of the patient having capacity to decide, the clinician providing evidence of the risks, benefits and alternatives, the patient understanding the information and freely deciding on the treatment or intervention.(9) The literature regarding consent also highlights that it is an active process, therefore, consent can be given or withdrawn at any point in the process(5, 7).
This essay will critically explore the ethico-legal principles of consent from a clinical perspective. This discussion will include the constraints of informed consent within the clinical practice setting and the implications for the patient and the Physician Associate …show more content…

Clinicians in practice recognise the constraints of informed consent but feel unable to change them due to the limitations of the workplace(12). Doctors interviewed in a study felt they had insufficient training in consent procedures, thus lacking the confidence to effectively carry it out(6, 27). The same study also reported that clinicians do not have sufficient time to practice thorough, informed consent, due to long job lists and short staffing(27). The issues raised by this study determine that consent can become a tick box exercise and a chore to be carried out(26, 27). Consequently, consent can become routine for clinicians with little regard for patients concerns(12). The outcome of this, is little discussion of the risks and benefits of procedures, thus invalidating informed

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Patient Privacy and Consent Hinders Medical Advancements In the medical world, many disagreements revolve around the idea of patient privacy and consent. Some say it is an unethical act to not inform a patient on research that will be done on their cells. I say without informing the patient and avoiding possible risks of not being able to conduct life-saving research, many discoveries would be made. Consent for certain things would hinder advancements, and create a gap in medical development and progress that could possibly save someone’s life.

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Can an image tell us everything we want to know about what happened? Why or why not? An image can not tell us everything we want to know about what happened. The images can be changed or altered by a editor during and after a person is having an interview for example or even a picture with photoshop.

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Informed consent means to give a patient all the necessary information that is needed to make an informed and voluntary decision or agreeing to a treatment, or research that will benefit them. For doctors to fully obtain informed consent, Henrietta should have been told or given the necessary information about the possible risks and benefits of the research, so that she can have an understanding and make a decision whether or not to participate in the study. The purpose, the procedures, the potential risks and benefits of her being involved in the research should have been given to her, and also the risks and benefits of other options available to her should have been presented to her. She should have also been given time to discuss her decision to consent to the research with her family. If anything, I believe that the consent form was about any mishaps that might have happened during her surgery.

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“Simple Definition of medical informed consent a formal agreement that a patient sign to give permission for a medical procedure (such as surgery) after having been told about the risks, benefits, etc. Full Definition of informed consent consent to surgery by a patient or to participation in a medical experiment by a subject after achieving an understanding of what is involved.” (merriam-webster Dictionary) The first laws for informed consent was made in 1974 they called it the National Research Act. They the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.

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However, the lack of informed consent has raised ethical concerns and led to the establishment of guidelines for obtaining consent in medical research. Today health care providers have a responsibility to obtain informed consent from patients before conducting any medical

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Consent is patients’ rights because they have right to know what is happening to their life which is fundamental value in professional practice (Department of Health (DH), 2001). Dougherty and Lister (2015) state that consent is a patient’s rights to refuse or to accept a treatment. However, Dimond (2010) said that consent is a voluntarily decision which can be given orally, verbally, written or implied for example if you ask a patient to take their blood pressure and they offer their arm. Eyal (2012) also states that consent promote trust in medical procedures that people may seek and comply with medical advice and participate in medical research. Bok (2013) argues that there are problems with the trust-promoting as many patients give consent despite being to some extent distrustful.

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Patients have a right to complain about the doctor's refusal to the Management. Provision of Treatment requires patient’s choice and informed consent. Even if a patient has signed a general consent clause, the patient can still refuse medical treatment or procedures. However, in exceptional or emergency situations a doctor may be legally justified in performing surgery or providing treatment without the patient's consent. The patient should be competent and capable of making such a decision to give a consent.

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