Literature Review In the field of literacy education, there are five major components that are important for students to become proficient readers. These five components are considered by the National Reading Panel (2010) be to crucial for a “balanced” literacy program include: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary and comprehension. Phonemic Awareness and Phonics According to Ehri & Roberts (2006) all students must learn the alphabetic writing system. To do this, students must have knowledge of phonemic awareness and letter knowledge, these skills help students recognize phonemes and spelling patterns in words. These skills help students with the crucial beginning reading skill of decoding, being able to decipher letters of print …show more content…
Phonological awareness is “awareness of constituent sounds of words and the ability to detect and eventually manipulate auditory sounds that do not necessarily hold syntactic meaning” (Cassady, Smith & Putman, 2008). Students master the skills of recognizing sound patterns in syllables, onset-rimes, and phonemes. To achieve phonological awareness students must detect district auditory units, manipulate the units, and eventually connect the auditory stimuli to alphabetic written language (Cassady, Smith & Putman, 2008). A student is determined to have mastered phonemic awareness when they can decode unknown words without a cognitive awareness of the skill, thus beginning to build automaticity and reading …show more content…
Students should understand what they read and be able to apply the information they have read to a variety of contexts. According to teachers should teach a variety of specific reading comprehension strategies, each can be used to differentiate each reader’s learning based on what they need to work on. According to the National Institute of Reading, students must be able to monitor their comprehension and engage in metacognition, thinking about reading. Teachers can also use variety of tools and strategies such as graphic organizers, asking diverse types of questions (inferential, literal etc.) have students generate their own questions, recognizing story structure, summarizing, modeling, guided practice and guided