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Alan Baddeley's Model Of Working Memory

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Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. It is our capacity to retain information over time period. It is a crucial aspect of our cognition, if we did not possess memory, we would not be able to remember the past, retain new information, solve problems or plan for the future.
Philosophers and psychologists have tried to define memory from different perspectives and the way memories are stored. Aristotle compared memory to a wax tablet, Plato compared it to an aviary and John Locke compared it to a cabinet. As technology progressed, memory was defined in a more scientific way, in the 1950s memory was compared to a telephone exchange system, and with the invention of the computer andd as it was developed, …show more content…

The Working Memory Model :-
Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch proposed a model of working memory in 1974, in essence it was a reformulation of the traditional idea of short-term memory. In Baddeley's scheme, working memory is the short-term memory, where, instead of all information going into one single store, there are different systems in this memory for different types of information. Working memory is composed of three separate units –
Executive control system, it is the primary unit, it acts as a supervisory system and controls the flow of information from and to its slave systems, allocating processing resources and coordinating their activity.
Phonological loop or the Articulatory loop, is the second major component in Baddeley's model. It is the place where speech and sound-related information are rehearsed and actively maintained for immediate recall. Phonological Store (inner ear) – is linked to speech perception, i.e. it holds information in speech-based form (i.e. spoken words) for 1-2 seconds. Articulatory control process (inner voice) – is linked to speech production, i.e. it is used to rehearse and store verbal information from the phonological …show more content…

Each of these processing units or the neural modules is dedicated to a specific task, and are all interconnected. Hence, it has been define as a parallel processing model of information, as in contrast to the information processing of computers of one step at a time, Human brain appear to process information in a parallel fashion, i.e. many modules (collections of interconnected neurons) process information in different ways but simultaneously. These modules may be scattered widely at different locations in the brain and may work on a different aspect of a task, but they do it simultaneously. The more complex the task, the greater the number of modules that are held into operations, thus even a very complex task can be handled very quickly because different aspects of them are being processed at the same

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Decay occurs when information is not “rehearsed” or contemplated. Displacement occurs when old memories are replaced by new memories. Interference can be proactive or retroactive. Proactive interference occurs when old memories interfere with new ones, while retroactive interference occurs when new information distorts previously existing memories. Long term memory (LTM) is limitless in capacity and length of accessible time.

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Outline and evaluate the working memory model: The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch 1974 in response to criticism of the multi store model. They did not think that short term memory was a single unitary store, as the multi-store model of memory had suggested. In contrast, they believed that short term memory consisted of several components, an alliance of several temporary systems working together. The central executive directs attention to certain information, and essentially shares out the incoming sensory information, controlling the flow of information to and from the slave systems. It also has a very limited capacity, which is shown in the study by Bunge et al (2000), where an fMRI was used to observe what areas

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The first piece of evidence in document 2 is “Imagine filling a bathtub with a thimble; that's the challenge involved in moving information from working memory into long-term memory.” This quote shows that it's hard to remember things when we're overwhelmed with too much information at once. The second piece of evidence from the document is “Psychologists refer to the information flowing into our working memory as our cognitive load. When the load exceeds our mind's ability to process and store it, we're unable to retain the information or to draw connections with other memories.” This shows that our ability to remember things is limited by how much our minds can handle at

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The classic model of working memory was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974 (Courtney, Ungerleider, Keil & Haxby, 1996). Working memory is responsible for the maintenance and controlled manipulation of information before it can be recollected (Aben, Stapert & Blokland, 2012). Baddeley and Hitch had proposed that working memory consisted of three key components; the central executive, phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad (Aben, Stapert, & Blockland, 2012). The central executive is primarily responsible for reasoning, decision making, and the coordination of operations of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, and dual-task performance (Logie, 1995). The phonological loop is responsible for the storage and manipulation

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The primary function of the working memory is to reserve information temporarily. This information may have been encountered previously, but is not present in the external environment (D 'Esposito, 2007). Baddeley’s working memory model comprises of four main functions, the central executive which acts a controller, the episodic buffer, the visuospatial sketchpad that handles visual and spatial data. Lastly, a function that will be examined closely in this report is the phonological loop, a modular process containing a momentary store concurrently with methods of retaining information through vocal or sub-vocal practice (Baddeley, 2012) which is comparable to the articulatory rehearsal process. Together with the phonological store, articulatory

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The central executive is an "attention" controller which monitors and coordinates what comes out of the slave system. Furthermore, there is an additional episodic buffer which is a spare

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A fourth module was added by Baddeley (2000) the episodic buffer liable for coding and binding information into chunks or episodes Evidence to support fractionation in working memory came from Baddeley and Hitch (1974). Adopting the two-task methodology they attempted to replicate neuropsychological evidence of modularisation (Shallice and Warrington, 1970). Baddeley and Hitch measured short term memory loads; digit span and how this disrupted performance in a cognitive task; reasoning. The results suggested interferences did occur in cognition tasks, however the intrusion was not devastating.

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