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Quartz Lab

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Writing exercise Haines et al., A neutron diffraction study of quartz-type FePO4: high-temperature behavior and α-β phase transition Z. Kristallogr. 218, 193-200 (2003). Paragraph 1 FePO4 containing ferric iron and dihydrate in majority is commonly used in batteries. The colour of hydrated FePO4 is nearly white or slightly yellowish, it turns more yellow when water is lost and become white-yellowish powder when dehydrated. It is a quartz-type iron structured as α-quartz, a tetrahedral structure, in relatively low temperature. This research paper studied about FePO4’s change in structure using neutron powder diffraction with the temperature range of 294K to 1073K. As it’s A cation is a transition metal, FePO4 is unique in the quartz. The first-order …show more content…

As temperature increases, the cell parameters also increase in a non-linear way. Angular variations of the Fe-O-P bridging and tilt angles are main factors contributed to the thermal expansion in α-phase. The rate is calculated as α (K-1)= 2.924 x 10-5 + 2.920 x 10-10 ( T-300) 2. It is shown that the single order parameter tilt angle δ, imitates transition of α-β phase. As mean tilt angle for both FeO4 and PO4 tetrahedral uses δ, it is also used for FePO4 due to their correlation. As δ is fixed to zero, there is no thermal expansion happen in β-phase resulting this mechanisms to be absent. The formular δ2 =2/3δ02 [1+(1–3⁄4(T–Tc/T0 –Tc))^1/2] can be used to express the temeperature dependence for this angle. Where δ0 refers to lessen in tilt angle at the transition temperature, which is 980K, and Tc …show more content…

The structural change of this quartz-type FePO4 was observed from temperature 294K to 1073K using neutron powder diffraction. It is observed that there is a transition from α to β-phase at temperature of 980K. The presence of PO4 is one main reason determining the structural properties of iron phosphate. The Fe-O-P bond angles increase and the tetrahedral tilt angles decrease as approaching the transition temperature from α to β-phase. The tetrahedral distorted due to the tetrahedral tilt angle δ and inter-tetrahedral bridging angle θ. While the temperature increases the O-P-O angle and bond length changes, it also leads to the tetrahedral distortion. The cell parameters also increase in a non-linear way. Angular variations of the Fe-O-P bridging and tilt angles are main factors contributed to the thermal expansion in α-phase.The temperature change with related to the angle change can be expressed with the formula

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While the solution dissolved, 50 mL of distilled water was added to a 150 mL beaker and heated on the hot plate. When the solution started to boil 2.65 grams of Na2SiO3*5H2O was added to the beaker with a stir bar and heated to a gentle boil. When both solutions began to boil, the sodium silicate solution was slowly added to the sodium aluminate. The solution was kept at 900C for 60 minutes and stirred with stir bar. After 60 minutes, the zeolite solution was cooled for 5 minutes and for the magnetized zeolite , 0.78 grams of FeCl3 and 0.39 grams of FeSO4*7H2O was added to the flask and stirred until the iron parts dissolved.

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1160 Words | 5 Pages

Lab 1 helps create a better understand of the changes in crystal structures when the annealing and quenching process is applied to 1020 and 1080 steel. The numbered steel refers to the ASTM grain-size number. Formula 1 is used to solve for the grain size. n=2^(G-1) Equation (1) at 100x magnification Crystal structures change shapes which changes the strength of the material and its properties. The metal might become soft, brittle, hard, or ductile.

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1610 Words | 7 Pages

Introduction For two days, on the 14th and 15th of April, a field excursion to Hastings Point, New South Wales was conducted. At Hastings Point, topography, abiotic factors and organism distribution were measured and recorded, with the aim of drawing links between the abiotic factors of two ecosystems (rocky shore and sand dunes), the organisms which live in them, and the adaptations they have developed to cope with these conditions. Within these two ecosystems, multiple zones were identified and recorded, and this report also aims to identify the factors and organisms associated with each zone. Lastly, using data and observations from the past, predictions for the future of the rock pool ecosystem were made.

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716 Words | 3 Pages

In performing these sets of experiments, in which we would drop a water/water solution onto the surface of a penny, we were trying to test and experiment the bonding qualities of water when made into a solution compared to when the water is pure. When we dropped pure tap water on to a penny, the water, instead of flowing and spreading out, stayed together in a single drop on the penny. We wanted to see how different substances affected this phenomenon. When we formulated our guiding question we made sure to preserve these intents in the language: how do foreign substances influence the bonding quality and strength (to the top of a zinc penny in specific) of water? Since these experiments were conducted in groups, we set up a few roles to

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152 Words | 1 Pages

- ​A hydrate is a salt that contains water as a part of its crystal structure. The hydrate used in this lab was Copper (ll) Sulfate Pentahydrate. To heat the hydrate in this lab a crucible is needed. A crucible is a heat resistant container used to heat things to high temperatures. In this lab a mole was used to determine the measurements of all substances.

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620 Words | 3 Pages

The following experiment determines the effects of 50 ml tobacco extract on the heart rate of a crustaceans Daphnia Magna. Daphnia represents a small group of aquatic crustaceans, also known as “water fleas”, with clear exoskeletons, which makes studying their heart rate effortlessly. The heart rate can be observed using a microscope and counted under varying conditions. (Pritchard, J. B.) In this case, changing the type and concentration of natural plant substances reveals the effects of the plant defense mechanisms on the specimen of Daphnia Magna.

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646 Words | 3 Pages

Use the evidence provided by the tests to identify the mystery powder. The mystery powder (#5) is the baking powder. My partners and I figured this out because the physical and chemical properties of both of the substances are very similar. For example, both powders are not soluble in water, and they both turned red when they reacted with the universal indicator.

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A hydrate is a compound, where water molecules are chemically bounded to another compound or element. An anhydrate is the substance remaining after removing water from a hydrate. The hydrate in this lab was Copper Sulfate. The hydrates formula is CuSO4 times xH2O. The purpose of this lab was to pull the water from a hydrate to expose the anhydrate and calculate what the hydrate is by finding the formula for the

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621 Words | 3 Pages

This lab’s end result was to correctly identify each unknown solution using prior knowledge of chemical properties and the results of the first experiment conducted. Unknown solution D was the only colored solution, being blue while the others were clear. This made it easy to then match D up to Copper Sulfate because of its color. As unknown A and B were added together, lots of gaseous bubbles formed and revealed the fact that that reaction was the reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Carbonate because it was the only reaction that produced a gas release. Unknown A and C produced the only yellow, brown precipitate just as the reaction between Sodium Carbonate and Silver Nitrate had previously.

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945 Words | 4 Pages

Minerals 1. The minerals under the DRI for my age group would be calcium, potassium, sodium, copper ,iron, magnesium, phosphorous, selenium, and zinc. The mineral that comes below the DRI would be be potassium. However, it is not more than 80% below the DRI. However I did have a low potassium intake.

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982 Words | 4 Pages

The can be seen when iron is coated in zinc. This process is efficient by comes with the prices of losing the zinc due to the fact that the zinc will oxidizes instead of the iron

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1396 Words | 6 Pages

Introduction: Transforming a gene or genetic information from one organism into another with the hopes that if done successfully the organism with the new DNA will be given new traits is a method known as genetic transformation (Rafter). Genetic transformation is used quite frequently in today’s world, form medicine to agriculture. In this lab we will be inserting a gene into an Escherichia coli bacteria with the help of a plasmid. Escherichia coli bacteria also known as E. coli, is a bacterium that is rod shaped and contains flagella to help it move.

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737 Words | 3 Pages

In the lab, “Properties of Hydrates,” the purpose was to compare the properties of several well observable hydrates and to determine if dehydration is a reversible or irreversible change. The lab consisted of attaining a pea-size sample of each compound, burning it over a bunsen burner, and comparing the starting mass and the mass lost after the combustion. These results are important to be able to identify a variety of different chemicals that contain water molecules as part of their crystalline structure. Some can be removed by heating (resulting in evaporation) and some remain mostly unchanged. In this lab the answer will be found.

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630 Words | 3 Pages

Introduction The intent of this experiment is to understand how hot and cold water interact with each other by combining clear hot water and black ice cold water. I hope to learn more about how hot and cold water interact with each other. As of now, I know that cold water is denser than hot water. Knowing this I formed my hypothesis.

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1813 Words | 8 Pages

The aim of the experiment was to test different types of soft drink on calcium carbonate marble chips, which were used in place of human teeth, and record what percentage of the marble chips dissolved when it was left in the soft drink overnight. These results will show which of the five soft drinks tested was the most harmful, and the ingredients will be examined to explain why the particular soft drink was the most detrimental to human teeth. Human teeth are covered in a hard substance called tooth enamel, which is made of hydroxyapatite. Enamel is the hardest tissue in the body and is vital in protecting teeth from decay (Callison, 2018). Enamel erosion occurs when acids wear away at the teeth and can result in painful temperature sensitivity, discolouration, cracks and chips, and indentations appearing on the teeth, and will result in cavities (Smith, 2013).

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