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Reformation And The Scientific Revolution: Necessary Background For The Enlightenment

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Western Culture Final Examine the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution as the necessary background for the Enlightenment. How do they prepare for this “coming of age”? Focus on Osborne’s Luther and Brecht’s Galileo, as well as Kant’s “What is Enlightenment,” but do not limit your essay to them. You will need, of course, to characterize the Enlightenment, too. Luther was dissatisfied with the role of the church in controlling knowledge and dictating the efforts that people had to make to be considered clean in religion, he wrote the first bible in German and used the printing press to reproduce it for the masses. The effects of the work of Luther was the rise of a secular class in the society that was free to think and act as they pleased provided they acted from the purity of their souls. The effects of the empowerment of people to pursue their interests was a reduction in the control of religion on the people and catholic wars on the deviants that culminated in a less controlling environment by the church. The …show more content…

Freud proposes that civilization reduces the ability of human beings to be truly happing by slapping rules that safeguard the interests of the society at the expense of personal happiness. For example, the law for the wellbeing of the society enforces the suppression of base desires such as the extreme need for sexual satisfaction. Therefore, civilization plays a key role in reducing the happiness derived from the environment. In the book, conformity to these principles of civilization cause anxiety in the characters. For example, the need for compliance to regulations is a function of civilization and it is used to force the Jews to leave their homes(Thomas, 1981). Therefore, there are aspects of civilization reducing happiness in the Jews by compelling them to follow the set

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1) The printing press, introduced between mid 1400s to early 1500s, allowed for ideas to spread more rapidly as well as impact a larger number of people since it allowed for material to be printed at a faster rate which highly contributed to the Reformation era. Luther wrote primarily in Latin; nonetheless, his writings were printed in German, which was significant because this translation of the New Testament not only promoted literary among the commoners, but it also gave them the ability to understand the word of God (“Luther” n.p.). 2) The important document written by Martin Luther in the early 1500s that outlined his position on the perceived “abuses” by the Roman Catholic Church was titled “The 95 Theses.”

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Martin Luther was known as a reformer who actions were known to the Church leaders as defiant vandalism. He needed something to spread his preaching across Europe and Gutenberg’s invention did just that. In two weeks the 95 theses written was known throughout Germany and in a month spread across the entire Europe. (Doc. B) The printing press helped Martin Luther’s writings attract attention which resulted into people changing their religious choices.

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How did the Protestant Reformation shape society in 16th century Western Europe? When looking back at the Protestant Reformation, what caused society to struggle in 16th century Western Europe? The Protestent Reformation changed how people saw religion from the words of the Pope and Council, but also showed how the printing press spread the word of the Bible. The lower levels of hierarchy and the towns outside reach of the Bible were given the word of God and this shaped what is now known as Christianity. From the words of Martin Luther, a German priest, the Pope and Council altered God’s words, but how did this cycle back into the hardships the people faced in these times? Martin Luther, a German priest, author, and professor, brought up a valuable question.

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Theses lead to the division of the Christian Church and the establishment of sects such as Lutheranism and Protestantism; but it would not have had such a strong impact if it were not for the printing press. The printing press allowed for Luther’s ideas to spread to every corner of Europe and be widely accessible to all

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With the use of the printing press, Luther and Calvin’s beliefs were spread ultimately leading to religious, political, and social changes.

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People go through life in different ways, each having their own set of morals and beliefs. Nonetheless, the bond between humans and their moral system can be compromised under stressful and life-threatening circumstances. According to Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, humans cannot reach their fullest potential without fulfilling their elementary needs for survival. When situations come and strip them of that, it begins to tear the system a person has; leaving them to desperately leave everything behind for the sake of survival. Night and Lord of the Flies explore the limits of humans under extreme conditions.

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Luther’s words and teachings started to affect his time period socially. Before he wrote about the Church’s corruption, the people blindly followed the Church’s teachings, holidays, and religious sacraments. Once Luther spoke against the corrupt Church, telling them that they need to fix their sinful and immoral ways, the people of Germany started to revolt against the Church. The Peasant Revolt had begun and the people who participated in it took Luther’s teachings out of context, ultimately costing many

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Luther's impact can be seen here, as well, since he told people to read the bible for themselves, which was exactly what the church didn't want. The Church feared any sort of threat that could rise against them. As Document 4 states, “I recognize the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Roman Church as the Mother and mistress of all churches; and I vow and swear true obedience to the Roman

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Martin Luther, a German professor and monk, made a large impact on society in the fifteen hundreds. His new ideas of Christianity changed the concept of how religion was viewed and practiced in the 16th century. Within his Ninety-five Theses, he questioned the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and brought to light the corruption surrounding the church while stating how Christianity should be practiced in different ways rather than what is being taught. It is important to understand his stances on religion to explain how different groups reacted to his ideas. While some parts of Europe accepted his ideologies into practice, others reject Luther for many different reasons.

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It allowed a writer’s works to be mass produced and put into the hands of larger audiences. It was a major factor, of course, in spreading of Bibles and God’s word. It helped to provide Luther’s these debates among a wider range of people. The Protestant Reformation could hardly have happened without it. And Luther was important in establishing print culture, since his books and pamphlets would be in high demand all over Europe for decades.

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In the book, “Civilization and Its Discontents” by Sigmund Freud, he essentially develops the main theme of the fixed conflict between the demands of an individual’s instincts and the confinement society provides. In other words, the aspects society benefits from establish an individual’s dissatisfaction. Throughout Freud’s book, each chapter provides complex ideas and analyses that demonstrate how he comes down to this result and the outcome it has on human happiness. Beginning with chapter 1, most people seek power, wealth and success and undervalue the most important aspects of life. There are only a handful that seek other meaningful things and one of these people is Freud’s friend who wrote a letter to him which described his oneness and eternity within life.

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This period in the history of Europe had a lot of political power plays and a powerful Roman Catholic Church that had controlling relationships with the leaders of countries and the people. The Church led by the Pope held power unchecked by its members. “Luther’s meteoric rise to celebrity transformed a sleepy nowhere into a center of the German printing world. Pettegree, one of the leading historians of print culture, tells us in this beautifully crafted book how printing created Martin Luther and the Reformation, an event he rightly regards as having changed the course of Western culture. The twist in the tale, however, lies in the fact that Luther was a canny innovator who understood well the potential and value of the printing

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The reformer was also the first to use not only the Latin Vulgate but also the original Greek and Hebrew texts. Another decisive factor was that Luther’s theology placed great emphasis on the Bible. Luther’s theological verdict was that God reveals himself through the Bible. You didn’t need a church to have a personal relationship with God. Every believer had direct access to God through the Bible.

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One of the newest invention of this time the printing press was a major tool of communication. Luther could spread his ideas and believes faster than ever before. Although, the new faith was spreading fast, Martin Luther was “punished” and officially

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“God, who has given the world to men in common, has also given them reason to make use of it to the best advantage of life and convenience” (Locke, 35). The Scientific Revolution concentrated on understanding the physical world through astronomical and mathematical calculations, or testable knowledge. The Enlightenment focused more on “Spreading of faith in reason and in universal rights and laws” (Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, 535). While the Scientific Revolution preceded the Enlightenment, both time periods sought to limit and challenge the power of the Church, through the spread of science, reason and intellect, and political philosophies. The Scientific Revolution began with Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1542) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) wanting to understand the movement of the planets beyond what they authorities had told them.

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