I. Artistic Renaissance
A. Early Renaissance
1. Masaccio
• 1401-1428
• Painted frescos In the Brancacci Chapel.
• Considered the first early renaissance art masterpiece.
• More realistic styles
2. Uccello
• 1397-1475
• Mastered the laws of perspective and depth
• Figures are badly drawn to show the perspective.
3. Botticelli
• 1445-1510
• Painted the Primavera
• Primavera means spring.
• Figures are still not real enough
4. Donatello
• 1386-1466
• Made the statue of David
• First standing bronze nude statue since before the middle ages.
• Celebrated the victory of Florence over Milan.
5. Brunelleschi
• Created new architecture
• The Medici family paid him to design church san Lorenzo
• The church differs from the gothic cathedrals and provides
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• Spread to England during the 16th century.
II. European State in the Renaissance
A. New Monarchies
• New monarchies in France, England and Spain.
• Monarch rule is weak in central and eastern Europe.
B. Growth of the French Monarchy
1. Charles VII and the Taille
• 100 year war with England leaves france exhausted.
• More nationalism toward their own country.
• Charles established a new army.
• The taille is something that Charles developed to collect tax from lands without the approval from estates-general.
2. Louis XI and Commerce
• Known as the spider.
• Kept the Tallie to secure a steady income for the country.
• Fought against and killed Charles the Bold.
• He gained the Low Countries from France and Germany.
• Built a base for stable monarchy for France.
C. England: Civil War and New Monarchy
1. War of the Roses
• Between the Lancaster and the York.
• Started in 1450s and ended in 1485 when henry Tudor defeated Richard III the Yorkist king
2. Henry VII and the Tudors
• First Tudor king
• Henry discontinued the practice in which aristocrats kept private armies and followers for their
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• It also established the right to elect kings.
• Still unable to have a strong royal authority.
• Bohemia had civil war.
• Weak monarchy, so nobles are wealthy and powerful.
• Hungary
• Bishops and territorial lords became powerful
• The church is powerful
• A powerful and important European state.
• King Matthias Corvinus created a well maintained bureaucracy which weakened the power of wealthy lords.
• He did a lot of great things like having courts as great as the ones in Italy.
• Hungary became back to its weak state after his death.
• Most of his work is undone so it’s technically useless.
G. Ottoman Turks and the End of Byzantium
• The byzantine empire is a buffer between the east and the west
• The Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire 1453 by the sack of Constantinople.
• Became enemies with the holy roman Roman Emperor.
III. Church in the Renaissance
A. Heresy and Reform
1. John Wyclif’s Lollards
• He attacks papal authorities and medieval Christian beliefs.
• He thinks that there should not be popes
• He argues that popes should not have titles, authority and