Social Hierarchy Of Grey Wolf

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The GWO initially proposed by Mirjalili et al. [13]. The algorithm was inspired by the democratic behavior and the hunting mechanism of grey wolves which happens in real life. To mention briefly, the grey wolves follow very firm social leadership hierarchy. The leaders of the pack are a male and female, are called alpha (α). The second level of grey wolves, which are subordinate wolves that help the leaders, are called beta (β). Deltas (δ) are the third level of grey wolves which has to submit to alphas and betas, but dominate the omega. The lowest rank of the grey wolf is omega (ω), which have to surrender to all the other governing wolves. The GWO algorithm is provided in the mathematical models as follows: 1) Social hierarchy While doing