In 2001, the City of Mesa introduced a new substance abuse program to be followed by the Mesa Fire Department. 1 The Department implemented the Program, designed to provide employee assistance and education with respect to substance abuse, in an effort to ensure the safety of both the general public and of city firefighters.2 Pursuant to the Program’s directives, the Department subjects firefighters to drug or alcohol testing in four situations: (1) where the Department has reasonable suspicion to believe a firefighter abuses drugs or alcohol; (2) after a firefighter is involved in an on-the-job accident; (3) after a firefighter returns to work or is found to be in need of assistance; and (4) “on an unannounced and random basis reasonably spread