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Summary Of Fear Conditioning

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Summary The authors of this article talks about a study in which they did on human fear conditioning through neuroimaging. They evaluated the brain activity under numerous mixture rates between conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. An introduction of an attentional-associative that house emotional fear or fear memory. The anterior cingulate cortex may be part of the development of fear which includes traces of the fear memory. The activity in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex signifies the prediction of the unconditioned stimulus. While the activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula model was introduced by Schmajuk, Lam and Gray through computer simulations. This showed the activity in the amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex. The amygdala is a critical region of the brain captured by a variable coding the attention modulated illustration of conditioned stimuli. The model explains how variables control behavior, and provides a clear outline in how the variables play a key role in the explanation of several predictable conditioning illustrations. This model also offers a number of calculations related to the stimulus innovation for future neuroimaging studies that is connected to associative learning. …show more content…

One of the examples given in the chapter was a child that feared the dark. The scientist associated the nightmares that the child had with the dark. They came to this conclusion that even though the child may take naps during the day it is most likely that the child has night mares at night. The child will start to think that every time it is dark that they will have a nightmare. Therefore, this will lead to the child being afraid of the dark altogether. “The child who has nightmares may refuse to enter any dark area of the house” (Salkind, 2004, p.167) this is called generalization which occurs when a similar factor is associated with

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Night gives a gloomy and desolated feeling, a feeling horrifically fitting to the scenario they were in. A clear and vivid example of this is when the farmers threw food into the wagons to see a fight and watch humans murder each other over crust from bread. One boy kills his own father just to get a small piece of bread!

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This is true because in the text he says "Some examples are well known-- the 400 species of birds that migrate at night in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their eggs--and some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the world's pollution." He uses this to explain on how even creatures depend on the darkness at night, they migrate, they do their "job" as a creature, and help nature. With no darkness around to help them, they wouldn't be able to do any of these things. He also states that "Computer images of the United States at night, based on NASA photographs, show that what was very dark country as recently as the 1950's is now nearly covered with a blanket of light." This explains on how over the years the world has been losing more and more sunlight in most of the world, and that some of the world either doesn't get sunlight, or barely gets enough darkness.

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It was around this time that Pavlov and Watson stated that the main piece of classical conditioning was the repeated pair of conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Robert Rescorla stated instead that maybe is where the conditioned stimulus provides the info that allows the organism to predict the appearance of the unconditioned stimulus. Biological predispositions

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The research used neuroimaging to help explain and carried out by various people eg Pessoa et al. (2002) , Rees et al. (1997,1999) and schwartz et al. (2005).

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Therefore, the way this conditioning technique was carried out, and the results of this technique are inaccurate to real world psychological conditioning practices. The goal of this treatment was to condition the criminal subject to have feelings of strong distress whenever he or she experiences feelings and urges to act violently. The idea of classical conditioning is to make the subject understand that with

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