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Andrew Gendel Professor Coburn History 17A 22 October 2015 Response Paper Chapter eight in the book, Voices Of Freedom, we read into the years of 1790 through 1815. In the coming chapters we learn about the French Revolution (1792-93), but also skim past Judith Murray and the equality of sexes, George Washington’s farewell address, George Tucker on Gabriel’s rebellion, Mercy Otis Warren on religion and Virtue (1805), Tecumseh on Indians and lands (1810), Felix Grundy, and Battle Cry of the War Hawks (1811). Although chapter eight follows the process of the republic and securing it I find that through this chapter an argument that is most presented in chapter eight is that of Indian rights in the New America, the rise of colonization and the amelioration of Native ways. Tecumseh was a chief who refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville
After reading Native Americans and the “Middle Ground,” I realized how narratives of historians are quick to shame and blame Native Americans in history. This article begins by revealing how European settlement presented the Indians as obstacles. Recent historians, such as Gary Nash, show the Native Americans as being conquered by the Europeans. Author of The Middle Ground, Richard White, seems to be one of the first to examine the culture of Native Americans and the relationship between colonists. White writes about the “middle ground” of the politics and trade that is eventually established.
Similarly to what Brown does for our understanding of gender and power in colonial Virginia, Daniel Richter attempts to do by calling for a new perspective of Native American history with regards to westward expansion. In Facing East from Indian Country, he acknowledges how the difficulties presented by a lack of historical sources and distances of time make it impossible to see the world through the eyes of Native Americans. The best historians can do is to “capture something of how the past might have looked if we could observe it from Indian country.” Richter calls for researchers to break with tradition and examine colonization looking from the west to the east. In doing so, the author forces Native Americans to the front, and views Europeans
Throughout the seventeenth century, conflict between Europeans and Native Americans was rampant and constant. As more and more Europeans migrated to America, violence became increasingly consistent. This seemingly institutionalized pattern of conflict begs a question: Was conflict between Europeans and Native Americans inevitable? Kevin Kenny and Cynthia J. Van Zandt take opposing sides on the issue. Kevin Kenny asserts that William Penn’s vision for cordial relations with local Native Americans was destined for failure due to European colonists’ demands for privately owned land.
During the early to mid 1800s, the colonization of “Indians” and subordination of “women’s rights in the American society,” was very essential to those in authority. They were perceived as a mere means to an end by promises of a better life in exchange for “land and work.” Although locals complied, those in offices took advantage by using antagonistic tactics in achieving wealth, power, and ownership. However, these actions lead to “The First Seminole War, The Monroe Doctrine, Andrew Jackson’s leadership, The Indian Removal Act, The California Gold Rush, The Seneca Falls Convention, and the Birth of the Republican Party.” Although some Americans have been perceived as heroes, their actions have said otherwise about their character.
The Kansa Indians were at war with many tribes like “the Sacs and Foxes, Omahas, Osages, Iowas, Otoes, Pawnees, and the Cheyennes” (27). The Osages and Pawnees often proved to be the most dangerous to the Kansas and were treated as such. Despite their previous dealings, the Kansas experienced a change when white traders started to roam the area. The Osages and the Kansas spent “the winter of 1806-1807 hunting and trapping…” together (86). The interaction with the traders influenced the Kansas to halt hostilities towards its former enemy.
As the Shawnees were attempting to reunite in the Ohio Valley, they found themselves displaced and had to defend their territory from western expansion. The Shawnees placed all their trust in the British, which didn’t turn out positive for them, for when the British ceded all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains, which endangered the lives of the Natives. “For the
Daniel Richter wrote the book “Facing East From Indian Country” because he wants to change our perspective on how we view the past. Instead of looking at the past as Europeans exploring the “new world”, he wants us to shift our view as we look through the Indians eyes. Whereas from the Indian point of view, the Europeans come from the “new world”. “North America becomes the “old world” and Western Europe the “new”, Cahokia becomes the center and Plymouth Rock and the periphery, and themes rooted in Indian country rather than across the Atlantic begin to shape the larger story” (pg.8). Richter also shows us how the Indians responded to the new arrival of the Europeans and, in turn, how the Europeans treated the Indians.
armed forces drove the Indians into reservations, the change was troublesome and difficult. Zesch sees himself both to be a relative of whites and, through the experience of his predecessor Adolph Korn, to be an assenting relative of the Comanche. He recounts to the two sides' accounts with equalization and compassion. He additionally investigates his very own family's conflicted relationship to its ancestors, and strips back the layers of history, so one feels not just the truth of the 1860s and 1870s, yet the resulting manners by which the encounters of officers, Indians, prisoners, and others were later spoken to in the mid-twentieth century, through books, Wild West shows, reunions between previous White and Indian and previous hostages and their previous individual warriors. The author states, “ By the fall of 1872, Adolph Korn, Clinton Smith, Herman Lehmann, Rudolph Fischer, and Temple Friend were living with the Indians as Indians, fighting their battles and taking part in their raids, prepared to die in defense of the tribe if necessary” (Zesch 139).
In the late 1800s, tensions were rising between white Americans and Native Americans. The white Americans wanted the Native Americans to conform to their definition of civility. The Native Americans had clung tightly to their culture and religious practices during a time of continuous encroachment and governmental pressure by the white Americans. By this time, Native Americans had already been forced westward onto reservations through government action. Andrew Jackson had set this migration in motion earlier in the century, and the migration pattern would later be referred to as the “Trail of Tears”.
“Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress”, chapter one of “A People’s History of the United States”, written by professor and historian Howard Zinn, concentrates on a different perspective of major events in American history. It begins with the native Bahamian tribe of Arawaks welcoming the Spanish to their shores with gifts and kindness, only then for the reader to be disturbed by a log from Columbus himself – “They willingly traded everything they owned… They would make fine servants… With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.” (Zinn pg.1) In the work, Zinn continues explaining the unnecessary evils Columbus and his men committed unto the unsuspecting natives.
When it came time to take action the Indians were forced to move westward leaving them far from the land they had come to know as well as having to adapt to new places. The Indians
Merrell’s article proves the point that the lives of the Native Americans drastically changed just as the Europeans had. In order to survive, the Native Americans and Europeans had to work for the greater good. Throughout the article, these ideas are explained in more detail and uncover that the Indians were put into a new world just as the Europeans were, whether they wanted change or
Throughout the 19th century Native Americans were treated far less than respectful by the United States’ government. This was the time when the United States wanted to expand and grow rapidly as a land, and to achieve this goal, the Native Americans were “pushed” westward. It was a memorable and tricky time in the Natives’ history, and the US government made many treatments with the Native Americans, making big changes on the Indian nation. Native Americans wanted to live peacefully with the white men, but the result of treatments and agreements was not quite peaceful. This precedent of mistreatment of minorities began with Andrew Jackson’s indian removal policies to the tribes of Oklahoma (specifically the Cherokee indians) in 1829 because of the lack of respect given to the indians during the removal laws.
Native American Removal For decades, Native American Removal has brought a lot of suffering and cruelty for the Indians. How the so-called “civilized” people of the west could display such barbarism in the past is a shameful chapter of American history. Unfortunately, some people still believe that taking away their land was the right thing to do, merely because they were the more superior people at the time. Such thinking can reflect on the treatment the Indians received, and the ignorance that were displayed by the Americans.
