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Summary Of The Relationship Between Violent Police And Crime Rates

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The first school of thought argues that there is a negative relationship between violent crime rates and the presence of police officers. In an article called “Using Electoral Cycles in Police Hiring to Estimate the Effect of Police on Crime,” Levitt notices a pattern during election periods. He observed how there was a variation in the number of crimes being committed during election season and the number of police officers. He concluded that an increase in police officers reduced crime (Levitt, 1997). The article also discusses the flaws of prior research done on the impact of police and crime rates. However, the research failed to provide feasible evidence to show the connection between the two variables by making a mistake in the methodology. …show more content…

The research contains inaccurate information, making the results false. They both believed that the only way to effectively determine the legitimacy of the correlation between the number of police officers and crime rates was to perform a time-series analysis (Kovandzic, Sloan, 2002). They questioned and analyzed the methods used by Marvell and Moody (1996) for examining police and crime relationship. In their study, increased police levels significantly lowered crime on the assumption that hiring more police officers reduce crime. Based on deterrence theory, hiring more officers is justifiable and deters prospective offenders from engaging in illegal activity. The risk of getting caught reduces crime due to increased police levels. To test this police-crime relationship, Florida was selected. They were ranked first for violent crime rates in 1997. The Granger test was used to determine if causation existed between crime rates and police levels. One result of the test was that it provided partial evidence that increases in crime lead to small increases in police levels. Another result was the impact of the individual UCR index crimes and the impact on police levels. Violent crime rates are substantially reduced due to increases in police …show more content…

In “Crime and Police Resources: The Street Crime Initiative,” Machin and Marie (2005) talks about the impact of allocating police force resources effectively in their new policy. In order to decrease the amount of petty street crimes, the police force in the UK were divided into two groups: SCI and non-SCI. Areas that received extra funding to fight street crimes, showed a lower crime rate. With the usage of SCI, it is noted that cities with higher crime rates are likely to have bigger police forces and reduce crime rates in those areas. It also suggests that areas that received no funding, may have utilized their resources differently and took specific actions that would be effective in determining whether police force impacts crime. SCI is a program that emphasizes the role of communities while trying to combat street crime. In short, if the resources are properly utilized, the outcome would yield better results and the crime rates would

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Buehler, J. W. (2017). Racial/ethnic disparities in the use of lethal force by US police, 2010-2014. American Journal of Public Health, 107 (2), 295-297. In Buehler’s article, he attempts to disprove a study that found no racial disparities in killings that law enforcement were responsible for.

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Through this graph we see a substantial difference in the amount of crime from 1990, which was 527,257 in contrast to 2014, which was 106,722. We can also

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“...Much of the recent crime increase threatens the vitality of America’s cities–and thousands of lives–it is not, in itself, the greatest danger in today’s war on cops. The greatest danger lies, rather, in the delegitimation of law and order itself’ (Mac Donald). In the book “The War on Cops: How the New Attack on Law and Order Makes Everyone Less Safe,” published in the year of 2016, author Heather Mac Donald provides credible evidence to expand on her viewpoint of our country’s current criminal crisis. In addition to “The War on Cops, Mac Donald has written two other books. Her works “Are Cops Racist?”

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“Circumspect Police Ends the Drop in Crime?” This debate topic speaks about police being less proactive, because of vitriol, and causing an increase in crime rates. This debate topic is not directly related to the book, Ghettoside, but falls into the same bracket. The debate talks about the police becoming less involved because of denunciation, and rates of crimes increasing because of that. Ghettoside talks about the black-on-black homicide rates going up, one reason, because of the ignorance of the police.

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Contrast the UCR/NIBRS with the NCVS The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) has been administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) since 1930 and has grown tremendously over the years. The UCR now includes data from city, county, state, and federal law enforcement agencies from across the United States. In its infancy, the UCR constructed a Crime Index that “summed the occurrences of seven major offenses, including murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft—and expressed the results as a crime rate based on population” (Schmalleger, 2009) with arson being added to the list during 1979. However, due to skewed data the Crime Index was officially take out of use in the UCR/NIBRS program during 2004.

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This article demonstrates how Bill Bratton, as the Commissioner of the New York Police Department (NYPD) from 1994 to 1996, William J. Bratton fought crime throughout the city of Ney York with legendary achievement, leading a national revolution in attitudes toward policing. Bratton adopted a “broken windows”1 community policing strategy of zero tolerance for minor offenses and championed statistical analysis to prevent crimes before they occurred. In the 70s and 80s, as Bratton continued his career in policing, institutional theories seemed dominant. Nixon’s brand of “tough-on-crime” and “law and order” conservatism meant that community relations were largely ignored by police. In 1982, James Wilson sought to re-establish some balance.

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In the article “The Crime Bust” by Gordon Witkin, it is introduced that in 1994, after a 9 year soar in crime rates, they began falling (1). According to preliminary figures released by the FBI, all across the board, the amount of crime committals were declining at a drastic rate. (Witkin 1). To determine the source of this sudden decline, several factors were examined, such as the economy, dismissed as “Robbery and burglary fluctuate with economic conditions--but murders generally do not…” (Witkin, 1-2) Prevention and domestic abuse were also discredited since “Studies show that prevention programs don’t work, and others may or may not be effective…” and “...in 1996, there were only 447 fewer ‘domestics’ than in 1993, accounting for just 9 percent of the murder reduction.”

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Before the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, our country had gone through the policing eras of “the political, reform, and community with the four different policing models of traditional, community policing, problem-oriented and zero-tolerance” (Oliver, 2006, p. 49). The attack caused major changes in policing for several reasons. The main reason was a fear by the citizens of another major attack. In 2004 several polls were conducted to measure the fear factor of general

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“Marin” TEPAC Paragraph Writing In the sketch “Marin” in the novel The House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros, she maintains entrapment as the theme where Marin is a young women seeking love and happiness in a man who will sweep her off her feet, but that man doesn’t exist. Demonstrating how trapped she is “.... until her aunt comes home from work… she can only stay out in the front.” (pg.27) In other words this evidence means that even though she has a job and babysits her cousins, she is still not able to have a life.

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While the other book used is useful for providing an account of what happened at the beginning of the decade, this book is able to look at police brutality throughout the 1990s and how the earlier events impacted the later ones. Journal Articles Matheson, Victor A., and Robert A. Baade. “Race and Riots: A Note on the Economic Impact of the Rodney King Riots.” Urban Studies, vol. 41, no. 13, 2004, pp. 2691–2696, Academic Search Premier, doi:10.1080/0042098042000294628.

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Introduction The top two and most commonly used programs for reporting and tracking crime statistics in the United States are the Uniform Crime Reports, UCR, program and the National Incident-Based Reporting System, NIBRS, program. Each program contains data from crimes and incidents that is tracked, analyzed, and reported by different law enforcement agencies from the reported incidents. While the UCR is the most commonly used, many law enforcement agencies are working towards shifting to full participation of NIBRS. Both programs use similar methodology to create reports of their crime based statistics, but still contain varying differences.

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Contrary to the common belief, crime has been on the decline for the past three decades. Yet, news and media have been covering crime more than ever, resulting in the public belief that crime is at an all time high. The sharp drop in crime since the early 1990s has left experts curious to discover the reasons for the decrease in crime. As I compare the article Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not by Steven D. Levitt and the article Evaluating Contemporary Crime Drop(s) in America, New York City, and Many Other Places by Eric P. Baumer and Kevin T. Wolff, I will briefly describe the articles, compare their agreements and disagreements, as well as discuss my personal preferences.

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Statistics show that crime rates in the region of Toronto have fallen to the lowest as released by Statistics Canada. But looking at the numbers for the policing budget is astonishing. Although the crime rates have declined drastically the budgets for the Canadian police is still on the rise. The total budget allotted to just the police departments in Canada is $13.6 billion. As we observe the charts below we can clearly see that as the crime rates rose, the number of police officers also rose from the 1960’s till the 1980’s where we see a stagnant slope on the graph.

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An occurrence observed by the population of Los Angeles, California conveys the existence of racism and police brutality. According to The Polls-Trends: Racial Differences in Attitudes Toward the Police, “…three quarters of blacks, but only 38 percent of whites, continued to view police brutality as a common occurrence” (Tuch and Weitzer

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This journal article examines whether a citizen’s individual perception of racial tension, or that of an entire community, leads to a negative attitude toward law enforcement (McNeeley & Grothoff, 2016). Telephone surveys were used in Seattle, Washington, in neighborhoods where there were large proportions of minority residents. These surveys asked various questions, which ranged from gauging overall happiness with police duties, to asking if racial profiling was an issue inside neighborhoods (McNeeley & Grothoff, 2016). The research conducted contributed greatly to current knowledge on the topic, but limitations were also noted, as questions were not asked that could have altered the survey’s

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