Medicine has started out poorly, as any other science, with low expertise and primitive instruments. Likewise, surgery did not differ much from medicine, yet its importance cannot be ignored due to its influential role in treating complicated physical diseases and injuries. Surgery is the art, practice, or work of treating diseases, injuries, or deformities by manual or operative procedures [1]. Surgery can be traced back to 6500 B.C.E. where it was a fearful and dangerous decision to choose, and it has been developing ever since to an indispensable science. The three epochs where it has improved the most are the ancient surgery in B.C.E, the revolution of surgery during the Middle Ages, and surgery in our days after the 19th century.
Surgery
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They performed simple operations such as amputations and setting broken bones along with pulling teeth and cutting hair. Luckily, the church allowed medical schools to dissect human bodies in the 14th century. Unfortunately, Galen’s ideas continued to dominate surgery and medicine. In the 16th century, Leonardo Da Vinci and the Tudor greatest surgeon, Andreas Vesalius, made remarkable advancements in surgery [6]. They both dissected some human bodies; however, Leonardo made accurate drawings of what he saw, and Andreas realized that a lot of Galen’s notions were wrong. In 1543, The Fabric of the Human Body, a book that is published by Andreas, contained precise diagrams of the human body. Surgeons used to pour hot oil onto wounds. However, Ambroise Pare ran out of oil, so he made a mixture of egg yolk, rose oil, and turpentine, and it worked better than oil. Pare also designed artificial limbs successfully. The Father of Modern Surgery, John Hunter, invented new operations such as tracheotomy, and he was the one to put the first step in the progress of surgery in the 18th century. By the end of the 18th century, Dominique-Jean Larry created the first ambulance service for wounded men