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Teleost Fish Case Study

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1. Describe and contrast two hypotheses proposed to explain the high diversity of teleost fish in coral reef habitats.
The teleost fish evolved during the Jurassic period more than 150 million years ago which has led to the high diversity of this group. One hypotheses proposed about the high diversity of teleost fish is that there has been extensive gene duplications in the class Actinopterygii. Gene duplication is proven to show that with the more gene duplication events the more diversity that organism will have. This is a trend that has been studied in tetrapods and primitive species specifically in hagfish and lampreys (Holland et al, 1994). The duplication events would potentially lead to multiple gene families being re-purposed in evolutionary development. These re-purposed genes …show more content…

Describe two attributes of the deep sea pelagic ecosystem that pose challenges for its inhabitants. For each of these, identify and describe 2 strategies or adaptations that address these problems.
One attribute of the deep sea pelagic ecosystem that poses a challenge for its inhabitants is the hydrostatic pressure. The water pressure in the ocean increases by 1 atm for each ten meters in depth so doing the math the pressure at 11000m or the bottom of the deep sea is around 1,100 atm. These high pressure eliminates the use of a swim bladder, being it would compress the air within the organism and render it useless (Childress et al, 1993). The high pressure will also distort the biomolecules that are found in species that dwell in low pressure areas. To combat this problem species that live in high pressure areas have adapted to the high pressure with molecules that are resistant to the effects of high pressure. These molecules can be found in structures used in their membrane and in proteins that are required for life. For example some organisms use "piezolytes”. These are small organic molecules that prevent pressure from distorting large biomolecules (Childress et al,

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Crayfish are decapods pertaining to the phylum arthropoda, which are invertebrates and contain an open-circulatory system.1 The system works by the hemolymph getting re-oxygenated in the gills before being transporting to the heart by brachio-cardiac veins and then pumped to sinuses that bathe tissues with oxygenated hemolymph.2 The crayfish contain a neurogenic heart that depends on neuronal input from cardiac ganglion.3 The neurogenic heart requires nerve impulses to produce contractions in contrast to a myogenic heart that can contract independently from the nervous system.3 The crayfish heart will beat due to the reaction of the ganglion to stimuli in the environment.4 Stimuli will affect the autonomic nervous system in the crayfish that control involuntary actions such as the heart rhythm.4 Neurotransmitters are the chemical signals in which the nervous system regulates both heart rate and contraction.3The autonomic nervous system breaks into two categories as parasympathetic system that is involved in relaxation of organs and the sympathetic system that will stimulate increased activity. Neurotransmitters can either increase or decrease heart rate by altering the patterns in neural activity of the heart.4 Crayfish are poikilotherms, which means they cannot metabolically thermoregulate thus conform to the ambient temperature in the water.

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1610 Words | 7 Pages

70 common limpets were identified in the 40m bracket identified as the littoral zone, between 0m to 40m. The common limpet employs a range of adaptations to survive the abiotic and biotic conditions associated with the littoral zone. Firstly, the limpet uses a structural adaptation to overcome the harsh wave action in the tidal zone, by using their radula to grip on to imperfections in the rock. Furthermore, they employ a behavioural adaptation of grinding their shells down into the rock, to further ensure they are not swept away by the tide. Additionally, the limpet utilises a behavioural adaptation regarding its tough shell and powerful radula, to defend against predators.

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791 Words | 4 Pages

In my hypothesis, I state that the stickleback fish would not have a pelvic spine caused by an insertion mutation in the Pitx1 enhancer region. According to the gel, the stickleback fish in Big Lake do not have the pelvic spine due to a deletion mutation found in the Pitx1 enhancer region. This can be further proved by the phenotype of the fish found in Big lake. The stickleback fish found in Big Lake (seen in figure 2) is smooth across the bottom, with no pelvic spine present. This proof supports the results of the gel

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746 Words | 3 Pages

Primitive fish, like lampreys and hagfish, have receptors that combine both water genes and air genes. This clearly shows that these primitive fish arose before the smelling genes split into two types. The number of odor genes have increased over time, from relatively few in jawless fish to the enormous number seen in mammals. The extra genes in mammals are all variations of the genes found in jawless fish. Therefore, the large number of odor genes in mammals arose by many rounds of duplication of the small number of genes in primitive organisms.

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1700 Words | 7 Pages

Everything To know About The Large Mouth Bass! Imagine fishing on a dock, or on a deep-sea boat. Imagine all the different of fish you can see or catch while you’re there. Lets put a little more thought into it!

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1047 Words | 5 Pages

Dr. Marshall Westwood had a meal of puffer fish and rice for dinner in Indonesia on his recent trip. Within an hour, the numbness starting from his lips and tongues quickly spread out through his face and neck, and he had pains in stomach and throat with symptoms of severe nausea and vomiting. Dr. Westwood called a local hospital, for he was feared of a “bad fish” food poisoning. He told his condition and signs to hospital staff but it were impossible to speak due to the numbness of lips and face.

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532 Words | 3 Pages

The stickleback fish have gained much attention from evolutionary biologists because of their historic ability to adapt to conditions that were not favorable and to survive successfully in them. They are also able to give researchers insight into how evolution occurs in other organisms. The stickleback normally spawns in freshwater but lives in the salt-water ocean. Long ago when ice melted and receded, the fish were given new possible places to inhabit and they did, expanding their spawning locations to newly formed streams. Eventually, though, the streams were cut off from the sea and the once salt-water sticklebacks were faced with the problem of being stuck in freshwater with no way to get out.1

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1515 Words | 7 Pages

Biology, the study of life and living organisms, is complex and encompasses a multitude of theories and ideas. In AP Biology, the first unit covered was evolution. Chapters 29, 31, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43 in the textbook, Campbell’s Biology in Focus, not only discusses the four main ideas of biology: evolution, energy, information, and systems, but it also gives examples of each in order to help guide the reader’s understanding of the concepts. The first big idea of AP Biology is: “the process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.” Chapter 39 in the textbook encompasses this main idea through discussing natural selection and genetic diversity.

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1517 Words | 7 Pages

High School Fishing Club High schools offer extracurricular activities, clubs and sports for students to help them become involved in their school and develop team building and leadership skills. Some types of clubs offered by schools include Pep Club, SADD Club (Students Against Drunk Driving), Chess Club, and FFA (Future Farmers of America), just to name a few. More and more schools in the country are creating a fishing club. The question that arises is how long will it be until fishing clubs are offered at every school in the country?

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1708 Words | 7 Pages

Introduction Imagine heading into a foreboding ocean, surrounded by armadas of icebergs and ice flows, bitterly cold wind, an unforgiving freezing ocean, nausea-inducing waves, and endless miserably cloud. Imagine doing so on a small fishing vessel at a time when the world was in a desperate war against Hitler’s ideology of hatred, a war in which past enemies joined forces, and millions sacrificed their lives. This is where Lt Leo Gradwell found himself on Convoy PQ17 in June 1942 when Hitler’s troops had cut supply lines to the USSR from the south, forcing the Allies (Britain, the USSR and USA) to find an alternative way to continue supplying food and weapons to the USSR. Churchill’s military strategists devised a route via the North Sea

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794 Words | 4 Pages

The Cambrian explosion was a relatively short evolutionary event which occurred approximately 543 million years ago during the Cambrian period. The Cambrian explosion It is referred to as an explosion because it was during the Cambrian period where there was a mass increase of many different multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Fox Douglas, author of What Sparked the Cambrian Explosion, described the Cambrian explosion as an “evolutionary burst 540 million years ago that filled the seas with an astonishing diversity of animals”. This evolutionary event is believed to have caused the development of an immense amount of many different species whom developed below the water surface. It was during the Cambrian explosion where all but one of the

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722 Words | 3 Pages

Introduction Approximately 530 million years ago, there was a rapid diversification of animal species. In this relatively short evolutionary event, most major phyla appeared. The term Cambrian Explosion describes the geologically sudden appearance of multi-cellular animals in the fossil record. Pre-Cambrian organisms consisted of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, bacteria and ediacaran life forms. In less than 5 million years, most of the basic body plans that we observe in modern groups appeared; cnidarians, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms and the chordates all came on to the scene.

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300 Words | 2 Pages

Nuclear Power Nuclear power plants are the highest source of power. Making or building more power plants in the State of Connecticut will open up new job opportunities,ect.. The State of Connecticut should create more nuclear power plants. The benefits of nuclear power outweigh the risks. Nuclear power plants are known to be the fastest, cleanlier, and have no health or injury concern.

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1563 Words | 7 Pages

For example, bat (mammal), eagle (bird) and pterosaur (reptile) all developed Analagous structures, despite being in completely different animal groupings (Delvin, 2015). Slide 10: Parallel evolution is the independent evolution of similar traits, starting from a similar ancestral form (Mckie, 2012). For example, flowering plants and insects depend of each other and therefore evolved into species around a similar time, as neither can survive without each other (Jacobs, 2011). Another example involves, the ‘bobcat’ and ‘quoll’ developing similar traits as they are from the ‘cat’ niche (Laurent, 2013). Slide 11: Divergent evolution provides evidence that the accumulation of differences between groups can lead to the formation of new species (Refalo, 2015).

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1577 Words | 7 Pages

They are very unique in many different ways and a crucial support for human life. They play also a very important role in the marine life such as giving shelter and food for millions of species including fishes, crabs, or shrimps. They support 33% of marine fish species. They also have specific and certain conditions to be formed, and to survive. They are also known as the “rainforest of the oceans” because of its huge diversity.

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