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The Cenozoic Era

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Cenozoic The Quaternary (Pleistocene to Recent) The Quaternary period was shaped by some many events. However, the Ear was characterized by interglacial arrangements. Three periods marked the Cenozoic Era; Paleogene, Quaternary, and Neogene. However, the Cenozoic era was characterized by climatic changes. This accounts for the rich agricultural deposits in Ohio. As a result, the land is adequate for landfill exploration. Consequently, Ohio soil contains huge amounts of fossils, silt, clay sand, and gravel. The weathering process during the Cenozoic era accounted for the huge mineral deposit in Ohio. The dominant sedimentary deposits include chemical and siliciclastic. However, fossil deposits formed layer beds in the southern, northern, and …show more content…

Evidence of the Mississippian period includes the outcrop on the western edge of Ohio, inconsistence strata deposits in eastern Ohio, deltaic and marine depositions. However, the siliciclastic rocks characterized the sediment deposits during the Mississippian era. The rocks include dolomite, sandstone, ironstone, marine shale and clay. The Mississippian period recorded sandstone deposits, shale, silt, and limestone in East-central Ohio. Devonian Limestone deposits were the major even in the Ordovician period. However, the climatic condition during the Ordovician period favored sediments disintegration. As a result, seabed were eroded with marine shale and fossiliferous sediments. Consequently, huge carbonate deposits in the Ohio Shale marked the era. The Devonian period was characterized by shale and limestone deposits in Central, northeastern and western Ohio. Silurian The Silurian period was characterized by poor fossil preservation. The Silurian era indicated seawater evaporation, shale formation and carbonated materials. Consequently, the western region of Ohio had dolomite, sandstones, limestone, and …show more content…

Cambrian Mineral materials, fossils extract, sandstone, dolomite, and other sediments were found in the western and southern regions of Ohio. However, the Paleozoic era can be categorized into sis division. The divisions can be identified by specific events. The divisions include Silurian, Devonian, Mississippian and Pennsylvanian and Ordovician periods. Consequently, the Permian period recorded sandstone deposits, coal, dolomite, silt, and limestone in Southeastern Ohio.
Precambrian The era marked the extinction of large mammals that rely of favorable climate conditions. Many geologists termed the Mesozoic era as the age of dinosaurs. However, the early stage began with the growth of angiosperms, flowering plants, and creeping

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The rocks do not show signs of heavy weathering. There is some white staining visible, but there is very little red or brown staining. The rocks have abundant vesicles. There is a mix of rocks with varying sizes and numbers of vesicles. Samples collected were representative of this mix.

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The poorly sorted nature of the conglomerates, considered with the inclusion of wood fragments in the older conglomerate members and the graded sandstones and mudstones throughout the formation suggest deposition occurred through successions of debris flows. Presence of volcanics in the lithic fragments further indicate volcanic activity in the process of sedimentation as well—as debris flows associated with lahars are the likely source of the slope failures. Deposition environment was moderate to deep marine, as mudstone deposits require low energy depositional environment, but the style of sedimentation indicate deposition was not on a continental shelf. This is further supported by inclusion of the large overturned clast from an older member within the formation. Cross-bedding, graded bedding, and scouring surfaces provide 3 lines of evidence establishing the northern contact of the formation as the original upward oriented surface.

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Hematite, quartz, and clay are the mineral in rocks. It was deposited in beach from environment. The event recorded here is a transgression of sea level (intercontinental seaway). Benton Shale Formation was our next stop. Its 90 million years old.

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Since the location was near to the Maribyrnong River, the procedure must be further stimulated by the existence of the river in the ecosystem, and this is happening from the further upstream. As for the downstream, it carried by the sediment that deposited at the riverbanks of the Maribyrnong River. Weathering and erosion of the primary rock in the early stage were leading to the deposition of sediment, and the younger sediment progressively replaced the older sediment which along the riverbank (Figure 2.3). Further away from the Maribyrnong river a little bit where the river flow was gradually rapid, some Marine deposits from the Ordovician Period was found such as mudstone, interbedded shale and greywacke, which may

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Along the southern boundary were three separate arches which were rising due to the Taconic orogeny: Kankakee, Findlay, and Cincinnati. The upward movement of these arches were integral in the depressive basins forming adjacent to them: Michigan, Illinois, and Appalachian. However, the original weakening of the continental lithosphere is suggested to have been caused by the introduction of a rising diaper (Haxby, Turcotte, Bird 1976). Erosional and weathered material from the nearby forming mountains were transported and deposited into the many basins west of the mountain belt. The sediment would continue to accumulate and accentuate the subsidence which was occurring and further deepen the basin.

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The dinosaur extinction theory – a large asteroid impact and a giant volcanic eruption at the end of cretaceous – also supports that dinosaurs were cold blooded, when the dust due to the meteorite covered the earth, then the sun light could not penetrate the smoke and dust, thus sunlight did not enter the earth for many years, this lead to the drop in temperature on the land, as dinosaurs were cold blooded they could not raise their body temperature without sunlight and hence were

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This layer of the Niobrara contains much evidence of life of vertebrates and aquatic life, including birds. The limestone layer is a thick layer of limestone separated from the chalk layer by shale. The limestone layer also contains many fossilized remains, but is best known for having marine reptiles that have been preserved rather well. The currents from the different seas as well as the draining of surface water into the seaway were important in the formations of these layers and the fossilization of marine life (Colorado Parks and

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The southern lowland region, which is called the Michigan Basin, had a layer of Paleozoic

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Home to a large Pleistocene fossil site, Saltville, Virginia has revolutionized modern archeology. The locality is especially significant because of unique interactions that took place between animals and humans 15,000 years ago. There has been recent evidence uncovered that Paleo-humans and the mammals in the surrounding Appalachian region interacted and the humans relied on the animals for survival. The deep history preserved in the land of Saltville reveals a past ecosystem that drew megafauna to its locality. The region, rich with life, is the second oldest known Pre-Clovis site in the Americas, marking its significance in history and archeology.

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How I Survived Winter in Prehistoric Ohio “A large sheet of ice called a glacier covered the northwestern part of the state. Only about one third of the state was ice free and the climate was much colder than it is now” (Nelson). 10,000 B.C. in the Paleolithic period of Ohio was one of the most stressful times in Ohio’s history. To survive this early ecosystem one had to be a master of the Clovis technique along with a master hunter, architect, and be able to work well in smaller groups.

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