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The Impact Of Neo-Colonialism In Africa

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This research looks at the famous works and ideas of several philosophers such as Rousseau, Adam Smith, Karl Marx etc. in order to extract perspectives for Africa’s economic and government development. This research draws upon mostly secondary sources including journal articles, published books, academic websites and class readings. This focus seeks to mine the most creative and prevailing perspectives on African economy and government. Through reviewing some of the most esteemed texts, this research highlights the prevailing perspectives and ideas that are shaping the actions of African state governments in the quest for development in Africa. The research concludes by recommending socialism and democracy for Africa.
Keywords: Neo-colonialism, …show more content…

Kwame Nkrumah, in Neo-colonialism: the last stage of imperialism stated that neo-colonialism has made Africa and Africans to suffer development setbacks. Nkrumah analysed neo-colonialism in the general theoretical framework of the Russian communist and political theorist, Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924), as an expression of imperialism- monopoly capitalism, export of capital, division and re-division of the world by the big trusts, governments controlled by these trusts establishing political and military domination over exploited areas (Nkrumah, 1966). He shows how imperialist domination deliberately perpetuates African poverty and structural economic backwardness, how American and European imperialists enrich themselves at the expense of the African people and their resources. In more simple terms, Nkrumah views hegemonic menace of imperialism, which arises from neo-colonialism, as the bane of Africa’s economic underdevelopment and dependence. Frantz Fanon and Chinweizo also identified this same notion of neo-colonialism as a setback in the development of the African economy. For Fanon, as analysed by Teodros Kiros, the solution is an African revolution aimed at conquering deficiency of necessities such as food and shelter (Kiros, 2004). Chinweizo wrote painstaking on on black power, for him, like Cheik Anta Diop, he insisted on a black superpower in order to gain economic sovereignty (Chinweizu, 2010). Diop was only a bit more specific; he focused on restoration of political sovereignty, economic sovereignty and psychic autonomy as the key component for an African economic renaissance (Diop,

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According to the overview, “between 1500 and 1800, European nations traded for slaves, gold, and ivory along the west coast of Africa, but they did not go deeply into the continent.” In 1884, fourteen countries met in Berlin to discuss the division of Africa to prevent war from breaking out.. This meeting would come to be known as the Berlin Conference led by Ottoman Bismarck. Up until 1885, they stated that if a leader wanted to control a certain part of Africa, then they must prove that they have control over that area and that was it. This was the beginning of European imperialism in Africa.

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What was the driving force behind European Imperialism in Africa? Between 1500 and 1800 the Europeans knew  little about the interior of Africa their presence was to buy and sell slaves for pots, cloth, and weapons and set sail to America. Late as 1870 ten percent of Africa was under Europeans control and most was along edges by 1914 ninety percent of Africa was in control four years later.  Due to the countries that held African colonies in 1914 that involved the British, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spain, and Belgian. France and Britain were the main  conquer in African colonies, because there conqueror of land in Africa.

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Imperialism has been around for many years. Throughout history, countries have extended their rule and government to other countries. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, imperialism became an important issue in many countries in Africa. These imperialistic movements in Africa and other locations have had varying effects, some with positive repercussions, while other effects ended negatively. An example of mostly negative imperialism is shown in Egypt’s long history of colonization.

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In The Legacy, Basil Davidson discusses the legacies of colonialism in Africa and gives an insight on modern Africa and the successes and downfalls that it possesses. Moreover, he states that many of the issues seen in modern day Africa are not new and have their roots in the long years of European colonialism that profoundly shaped and continues to shape the continent. Throughout the documentary, various themes regarding postcolonial Africa are mentioned in depth. A few of the themes that Davidson highlights are modernization, ethnicism, corruption, inequality, dictatorship, and neocolonialism.

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In the race of European imperialism, European countries dominated innocent African colonies. The driving force behind this? Africa’s bountiful resources. Before Africa’s colonization, the European presence in Africa was extremely limited, mainly due to lack of exploration and diseases (Background Essay). However, this changed as European prominence became largely influential through the discovery of Africa’s resource rich lands.

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Pain. Deception. Hatred. These words are rooted in the minds of the African countries whenever the mention of Imperialism. This practice of extending a government's reign to gain economic control, using missionaries as facades, hurt many African’s during 1750 to 1914.

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By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free from colonial rule and its damage in Africa (Doc 6). Those under European rule saw imperialists as rapacious exploiters. The demands and needs of Africans were not addressed by their ruling nation. Instead, their rights, liberties, and dignity were stripped to feed the greedy mouth of imperialist rule. Africans could not find the supposed benefits brought by Europeans to be worth the loss of their life and freedom.

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The effects of imperialism was quite chaotic in the beginning causing an up rise from Africa and the Middle East. At first both resisted but over time western ways was making it’s way into a part of the daily routine. The imperialism started with Africa and eventually moved into the Middle East, but when it started in Africa it was for the natural resources the country possessed at the time. The Middle East was different due to the ruler at the time, Muhammad Ali was the ruler of Egypt and wanted to modernize Egypt the way he wanted to. He is sometimes known as “Father of Modern Egypt” although when he died they was not a leader that was as strong as he was to hold up his empire.

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Kwame Nkrumah is known as a Ghanaian revolutionary. He was a politician, author, leader, and the first prime minister and president of Ghana, leading it to independence from Britain in 1957. He had a vision of how Africa could be united and work against imperialism while achieving a common goal of colonial freedom. In Towards Colonial Freedom, he delves straight into the topic of colonialism and how it affected Africa and his perception of African unity.

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“Imperialism is a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force” Dictionary Definition of Imperialism. In 1750 - 1900, European countries wanted to build empires all over the world; they wanted to provide materials for industrialization. Even though European countries, like France, Great Britain and Portugal, had very few establishments in Africa, they were constantly trading with them. Later, as Europeans tried conquer African land, native people became frustrated and upset; in response to imperialism. As Europeans states industrialized, they wanted to expand overseas and establish colonies in Africa.

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So Europe invaded Africa, took possession of Africa, and divided Africa into colonies of Europe. The period of invasion, lasting some twenty years, was more or less completed by 1900. There followed a longer period, between sixty and ninety years, of direct European rule, called colonial rule. This was a time of profound upheaval for all of Africa’s peoples. It brought irreversible changes” (4).

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Discourse on colonialism generally results in the different opinions of the colonizer and the colonized. The upshot of such discourse shows that colonialism has divergent interpretations. For the colonizer, it is ‘a civilizing mission’; to the colonized, it is exploitation. Such concept is better understood when both the views are studied with an objective approach. Things Fall Apart is a perfect novel to study colonialism as it deals with the perspectives of the colonizer and the colonized.

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