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Essay On Forensic Dentistry

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All humans have an identity in life. The identification of living or deceased persons using the unique traits and characteristics of the teeth and jaws is a cornerstone of forensic science. Forensic dentistry is defined in many different ways. One of the simple definitions is that forensic dentistry represents the overlap between the dental and the legal professions. Forensic dentistry plays a major role in the identification of those individuals who cannot be identified by visual or any other means.1 Identification of an individual is based on the theory that all individuals are unique. By classifying the individual into characteristic groups like age, sex, race, height the possibilities are narrowed.2 Age is a prime criteria for identification of both living persons and dead bodies, which in turn is of paramount importance in forensic practice. Estimating age from teeth is generally reliable as they are naturally preserved long after all the tissues and even bones have …show more content…

Over the years different methods have been proposed for age estimation via human biological characteristics. Among the various methods proposed, Gustafson’s morpho-histologic approach is most popularly used in estimating age using teeth.9 Studies using Gustafson’s six parameters found that translucency of dentin was best suited for age estimation when used indivisually.10 Tomes was the pioneer to describe dentin translucency. He showed that translucency is the result of the consolidation of the dentinal tubules and it was noticed by him that if the air in the dentinal tubules is replaced by water, the translucency of the tooth increases.9 Czermak was of the opinion that various types of translucency arose due to equalization of the normally different refractive indices of the tubules and of the calcified dentine

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In this paper I will be comparing contrasting two various aspects of forensic sciences used, and talking about the different tactics used to identify suspects; as well as the contrasts between the two methods. The man I will be talking about is John Wayne Gacy. The two methods I will be going over are, Finger print DNA and Forensic toxicology. These two are very similar, but made substantial differences in the evidence in his case. John Wayne Gacy was a murderer from Chicago, Illinois.

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For example, one can note how the introduction of the Daubert criteria in the courtroom has played an important role within forensic anthropology. The Daubert efforts allow for the connection between data and methods to be used as admissibility of the conclusions, rather than on the credentials of the experts (Dirkmaat, 2008, p. 36). This copernican shift of the legal system regarding the treatment of scientific evidence as it is presented in court, distinguishes the primary role of forensic anthropologists in mass disaster scenarios and the enhanced role for quantitative methods in human skeletal analysis (Dirkmaat, 2008, p.

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A positive aspect of this is that forensic scientists only need a small amount of a sample to get the results they need (“Forensic Science” 12). These samples can come from many other forms of identification other than fingerprints and bloodstains. A few moderate examples include strands of hair, tiny beads of sweat, and a saliva specimen (“Forensic Science” 12). Forensic Science Technicians stated that “crime scene investigators may use tweezers, black lights, and specialized kits to identify and collect evidence.” They also stated that examining autopsies prove to be beneficial in a crime investigation (“Forensic Science Technicians”

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A major crime scene, such as JonBenet’s, details where serious physical and/or emotional trauma is reported, this can include crimes such as murder, manslaughter, and rape (Standing Bear 1999). Due to the nature of a homicide, evidentiary findings can only be determined after a professional examination of the crime scene has occurred (Pepper 2010). The three principles to ensure an effective investigation is conducted includes: rapid response to the crime scene; to secure the scene before evidence is contaminated, damaged, lost or stolen. Secondly, gathering of evidence, all evidence at the crime scene must be preserved and noted whether physical or testimonial; in some cases, this can lead investigators straight to the perpetrator. Lastly, processing of the evidence; this includes putting together all available evidence to determine a verdict in court (Pepper 2010).

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The police searched Robert Pickton’s farm, and found 80 DNA profiles of both men and women retrieved on pillowslips, inhalers, syringes, jackets, lipsticks, boots, bags and many more objects that were identified by forensic biologists (Palmer et al., n.d.). Additional assistance in this case was from “forensic scientists, odontologists, foot morphologists, chemical biologists, and archaeologists” (Mudede, Selcer, Berentson, & Lovejoy, 2003). However, due to the location and brutality of this investigation, forensic anthropology was the major forensic discipline in this case. Forensic anthropologists analyze human remains and apply it in a legal context. They use the study of bone and from that, they determine how a person died as well as the age, gender, height and ancestry of the deceased that leads to the identification of a human being (Forensic Anthropologist, 2015).

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What was used next was called Examples of Individual Character. Matching fingerprints weren't going to be an option because the fingertips were so badly burned. Step two was doing a deoxyribonucleic acid test to the flesh, teeth, and hairs, which were all burned in the fire. That's when one of the investigators noticed that the man on the operating table was much shorter than who they thought it was. They then took measurements of the body, across the chest, shoulder length, arm length, leg length, upper body, lower body,

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Since the dawn of DNA testing in 1985, skin, hair, blood and other bodily fluids have become the most reliable physical evidence collected from a crime scene, especially in a sexual assault. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), contains the genetic blueprint that differentiates each person. Forensic testing determines if distinctive patterns in the genetic material found at a crime scene match a suspect's DNA with better than 99% accuracy (James 2009). Tommie Lee Andrews from Florida became the first person in the U.S. to be convicted of rape as a result of DNA evidence in 1987, Lee was sentenced to 22 years.

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Eyewitness testimonies has contributed tremendously towards law enforcement and crime, helping to place the accused behind bars for the crimes they have committed. Although it has helped to place a huge number of these accused behind bars, eyewitness testimony has been proven to be rather inaccurate and unreliable (Brigham, Maass, Snyder, & Spaulding, 1982). Through the advancement of technology, DNA evidence has proven that some of these individuals have been wrongfully incarcerated. DNA evidence may be an effective measure, but it would only help to solve a minimal number of cases when DNA samples present. At times, DNA evidence might only help to prove that the individual is present at the crime scene.

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In this world, there are some social problems that happened within the society. Crime is undoubtedly one of the main and troubling factors in any society. Homicide is one of it. Homicide is a traditional offence that has been deemed punishable conduct since at least the 13th century (Mouzos, 2011). A homicide crime scene is considerable because of death by violence or unnatural causes.

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