In the beginning of the chapter, both the velopharyngeal port (VPP) and oropharyngeal isthmus (OPI) are mentioned in the paragraph that discusses the anatomy of the velum. The VPP is defined as “the opening separating the mouth from the nose”, and the OPI is initially defined as “an arch-shaped opening…, a causeway defined by the palatine arches” (Gick 125-126). However, the velopharyngeal port is frequently mentioned throughout the chapter in terms of its physiological functions, whereas the oropharyngeal isthmus is broken down anatomically at the end of the chapter. For example, section 7.1.2 titled Muscles of the velum, examines the muscles of velar functioning in methods regarding nasal air flow such as the trapdoor method, the circular