1) How does Esman define ethnic solidarity?
Ethnic solidarity is defined as, when a particular group of people who share a common ethnicity or culture bound together to achieve a common goal. In this chapter author Milton J. Esman, describes Ethnic solidarity as a recognition of a sameness within a group about sharing common attributes, a valuable common culture, a notable historical experience, and a common fate. He believes that by doing this, one can be more secure and comfortable among the same group of people.
2) What are the three things upon which ethnicity may be based upon?
Ethnicity is defined as a group that shares common and distinctive culture, religions, language, or the like according to this book. The three things upon which ethnicity may be based on are as follow
1. Common culture.
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The three perspective that social scientists have used to explain the formation of ethnic identities are followings:
1. Primordialist: It is a word which contents that nations are ancient natural phenomena. It also glances upon ethnic identifies as historically rooted, deeply embedded in a people’s culture, reinforced by collective myths and memories, social institutions and practices, perpetrated intergeneration ally by early socialization and therefore likely to persist over time.
Example: if the child is born in an Indian family and adopted by an American family, then if the child considers her/his self to be Indian then, the child is operating under the Primordialist model.
2. Instrumentalists: It is also known as circumstantiality or ethnos skeptics. The view of instrumentalists for ethnicity is in order to belong to an ethnic group one must be raised or adopted into that ethnic group at some point.
Example: if the child is born in an Indian family and that child consider her/his self to be American, then the child is operating under Instrumentalist