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Theoretical Approach To Crime Analysis

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1.3 Theoretical Approach to Crime One of the earlier theories regarding the causation of crime is demonological theory. According to this theory crime is mainly due to evil spirits a person possesses. Explaining this theory , Barnes and Teeters (1966:119) opine that “ Since evil spirits infested the person and had to be driven out, the conventional notion of primitive punishment was either to exorcise the evil spirits to get rid of the one possessed by death or exile – ‘social death’. In part ,this doctrine was based on the concept of protecting the community or family group against further outrages by the offending individual. But far more important was the belief in the necessity and desirability of placating the gods “. The theory of …show more content…

Hooton attempted to show that crime and other forms of anti-social behaviour are due to almost exclusively to physical and racial factors (cited in Barnes and Teeters, 1966:131). Crime was studied from the cartographic approach in England and France from 1832 to 1880. The early proponents of this approach Guerry, Quetlet and others were mainly concerned with spatial distribution of crime and delinquency.
Enrico Ferri, explaining the cause of criminality states that “Crime is the result of manifold causes, which although found always linked into an intricate network, can be detected however, by means of careful study .Explaining the causes of delinquency and crime , a British Psychologist Dr. Cyril Burt (1938) states that “ Crime is assignable to no single universal source nor yet to two or three, it springs from a wide variety , and usually from a multiplicity of alternative and converging influences” ( cited in Barnes and Teeters, …show more content…

Albert Cohen (1951) criticized this theory on the ground that it does not offer any single explanation regarding the cause of criminality. Criminology until recently was regarded as a specialized branch of study within the discipline of sociology. Wolfgang (1963) opines that criminology should be regarded as a separate autonomous discipline because it has accumulated its own set of organized data, theoretical conceptualization and above all a scientific method.
1.4 Gravity of Crime: The National Crime Records Bureau, New Delhi provides crime Statistics every year. The crime statistics of 2009 reveal that in all 66, 75,217 cognizable crimes comprising 21, 21,345 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 45, 53,872 Special and Laws (SLL) crimes were reported. A recent report of the United Nations Secretariat’s survey on female criminality revealed that in developed as well as in developing countries the crime rate among women shows a tendency either to approach nearer to or exceed that of males. Incidence of crime has generally shown an upward trend. It is also noticed that like the male counterparts, a number of women arrested have also been rising each

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In F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright & K. R. Blevins (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminological theory, advances in criminological theory (Vol. 15, pp. 251–273). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Kramer, R. C. (1985). Defining the concept of crime: A humanistic perspective. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 12(September), 469–487.

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Within the past couple of decades, criminologists have developed different criminological theories that apply to the social behaviors and decisions of criminals. One of the earliest theories developed regarding criminality is the rational choice theory, in which describes the rationalization of determining if the rewards from committing the crime outweigh the consequences. In Scarver’s case, his decision to engage in criminal activities outweighed the potential consequences, or the other alternatives if he did not engage in such criminal activities. In addition to the rational choice theory, Scarver’s criminality can be related to the social disorganization theory, which describes the influence of one’s social and physical environment on one’s decision to commit a crime. Lastly, the strain theory can be related to Scarver’s criminality as well, as it is used to describe an individual who lacks the means to obtain such goals, and aspirations, so therefore, he or she engages in criminal activities to acquire the goals.

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Introduction Jennifer Ebarhardt who, through her collaboration with different experts in various fields such as law, criminology, novel studies that further law enforcements and judges as well as criminology discover in her studies found out that there is racial bias in today’s policing and sentencing of criminals such that black color is stereotype as group of people who are associated with violence and therefore they mostly received death sentence especially when their victims are whites and therefore they are blacks who are arrested. These behaviors can be best explains using the following theories: General Strain Theory According to this theory, people are involved in crimes because they are not in a position to achieve their goals making them to be frustrated and has the following sources: A person aspiring to become wealth and famous but these aspirations are impossible making them to engage in vandalism or physical attacks which are antisocial forms of behaviors, a person may experience strains due to removal of highly valued stimuli such as migration to new residence will make him/her to get involved in criminal activities in efforts to revenge the loss of highly valued stimuli. Black American youths are unable to meet making them to develop frustration and delinquency.

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It does not consider other factors such as criminal associations, individual traits, and inner strains, which plays a significant role in determining punishment for the individuals in committing crimes. It is observed that this theory endeavours to know that whether the activities of crime as well as the victim’s choice, criminals commit the activities on start from rational decisions. The theory also determines that criminals consider different elements before committing crime. They engage in the exchange of ideas before reaching on any final decision. These elements consist of consequences of their crimes, which include revealing their families to problems or death, chances of being arrested, and others elements, which comprises of placement of surveillance systems (Walsh & Hemmens, 2010; Lichbach,

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