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Reintegrative Shaming Theory Essay

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In the theory of reintegrative shaming, Brathwaite (1989) explained why some societies have higher crime rate than others, why certain people or certain groups of people are more likely to commit a crime, and how the community can effectively deal with the crime in order to prevent future crimes. Brathwaite theory of reintegrative shaming is heavily influence by the work of early theoretical theories including labelling, subcultural, control, opportunity, and learning theories (Braithwaite, 1989). Brathwaite (1989) supported control theory argument that individual are naturally drawn to commit criminal acts for the purpose of personal gain. Brathwaite argued that individuals who are integrated into the community and are involved in a committed relationship are less likely to commit a crime. In contrast, individuals who are not integrated into the community …show more content…

Most victims of hate crime do not report the attacks and while victims of hate crime victims and offenders comes from different backgrounds, a study in the United Kingdom found that Asian and black people were far more likely than white people to be the victims of hate attacks (Nugent, Wilkie, & Iredale, 1989). Furthermore, other individuals or individual groups in Australia who are victimised and negatively stereotyped includes refugees, sex workers, South Sudanese and Aboriginal, and Indian people just to name a few. Hate crimes or attacks can affect the victim in a number of ways. Nugent, Wilkie, & Iredale (1989) reported that victims of hate crimes are more likely to experience financial costs in repairing property damages, physical injuries resulting from attacks, and psychological distress such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anger than other victims of other

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Rios’ findings indicate a daily, institutionalized practice of “punitive social control” aimed at “regulating deviant behavior and maintaining social order” (21). For example, because of his intimidating appearance, Tyrell was stopped all the time and checked for guns and drugs beginning at the age of 12 (42). Eventually, Tyrell began to accept this stigmatization and chose to conform to the suspicions he was constantly accused of. In response to negative behaviors, punishment was utilized as a means of controlling their behavior. Punishment was described as the process by which individuals came to feel stigmatized, outcast, shamed, defeated, or hopeless as the result of negative interactions and sanctions imposed by individuals who represent institutions of social control.

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In F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright & K. R. Blevins (Eds.), Taking stock: The status of criminological theory, advances in criminological theory (Vol. 15, pp. 251–273). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Kramer, R. C. (1985). Defining the concept of crime: A humanistic perspective. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 12(September), 469–487.

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This piece is called “The Other Wes Moore” produced by Wes Moore in the year 2012. Wes Moore wasn't as privileged with his family and surrounding like others might have been. Wes Moore wasn't a great kid, he found things to fill in the free time including negatively affecting stuff. This piece is emotional and subjective, it analyzes how everything came together, and he shows passion and thoughtfulness. The author's purpose of this piece was to show how the choices people make when they're younger can be impacted by the environment one is surrounded with.

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Within the past couple of decades, criminologists have developed different criminological theories that apply to the social behaviors and decisions of criminals. One of the earliest theories developed regarding criminality is the rational choice theory, in which describes the rationalization of determining if the rewards from committing the crime outweigh the consequences. In Scarver’s case, his decision to engage in criminal activities outweighed the potential consequences, or the other alternatives if he did not engage in such criminal activities. In addition to the rational choice theory, Scarver’s criminality can be related to the social disorganization theory, which describes the influence of one’s social and physical environment on one’s decision to commit a crime. Lastly, the strain theory can be related to Scarver’s criminality as well, as it is used to describe an individual who lacks the means to obtain such goals, and aspirations, so therefore, he or she engages in criminal activities to acquire the goals.

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The social learning theory for instance shows Manson leant deviance in his early childhood from his mother, who was incarcerated when he was five. This implicates the environmental control and that of close persons. It depicts that behavior modification can be achieved through enhancing the social environment for criminals. The social conflict theory explains that individuals engage in crime when the legal system, which is under the control of the wealthy, identifies their acts as being unlawful (Lionell & Rawlins, 2005) Labeling theory

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For social control theory, the underlying view of human nature includes the conception of free will, thereby giving offenders the capacity of choice, and responsibility for their behavior. As such, social control theory is aligned more with the classical school of criminology than with positivist or determinist

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In criminology, differential association is a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. The differential association theory is the most talked about of the learning theories of deviance. (DAT). (Sutherland) (Sociological Theories of Crime and Their Explanation on Crime , 2007) Theories of criminality are most commonly derived from human behavior.

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Literary nonfiction forms make the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass a personal yet powerful reading. This reading was written by the protagonist himself, Frederick Douglass. On this reading, Douglass discusses his life as a slave, how he was able to achieve some goals and why he did them. To this day, Douglass is a significant person in history because he fought for African Americans rights and freedom. Douglass takes advantage of many literary nonfiction forms such as personal experience, slice of history and personal opinion to aid a message to the readers.

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It does not consider other factors such as criminal associations, individual traits, and inner strains, which plays a significant role in determining punishment for the individuals in committing crimes. It is observed that this theory endeavours to know that whether the activities of crime as well as the victim’s choice, criminals commit the activities on start from rational decisions. The theory also determines that criminals consider different elements before committing crime. They engage in the exchange of ideas before reaching on any final decision. These elements consist of consequences of their crimes, which include revealing their families to problems or death, chances of being arrested, and others elements, which comprises of placement of surveillance systems (Walsh & Hemmens, 2010; Lichbach,

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Social learning theory and social bonding theory are two theories that may be compared and contrasted because they both overlap and differ. Although these theories have their similarities and differences, one theory may prove to be more convincing in terms of applying the theory to the understanding of crime and delinquency. Social learning theory refers to Akers’ theory of crime and deviance. Akers attempted to specify the mechanism and processes through which criminal learning takes place by explaining crime and deviance; he did this in such a way that the likelihood of conforming or deviant behavior based on the influence of an individual’s history of learning was accounted for. This theory was based off Sutherland’s differential association theory, which had nine propositions outlining the process by which individuals acquire attitudes favorable to criminal or delinquent behavior with the basic idea that people tend to associate with others in which they come into contact.

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Fifth, the specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. Sixth, a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law. Seventh, Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. Eighth, the process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. Lastly, while criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those needs and values, since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.

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There are many theories that suggest that crime is constructed socially, or is a product of the society in which the crime is committed. One such theory, proposed by Robert Merton, is known as strain theory. While strain theory is a useful model for explaining how societal values can drive people to commit crimes, it has several flaws and does not focus on how laws are made and how this contributes to the formation of crime. While Merton suggests that laws are created from consensus within a society, it will be argued that strain theory can also support the idea that laws are a “product of conflict” (Hagan 5). Strain theory is founded on the idea that the goals of a society and the accepted means of achieving said goal causes strain that can

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Re-integrative shaming is the disapproval of the deviant act without condemning the offender. In this way, the offender is not stigmatized and efforts are made to forgive and welcome the person back into the community. This process has been demonstrated to work well in Africa, and perhaps, at a more personal level, between many American parents and their children (Braithwaite, 2000). Re-integrative shaming has been shown to reduce

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Social Disorganization Theory Name Institutional Affiliation Crime in our societies is a widespread social phenomenon dating back centuries ago and ranges from low-level delinquencies to high-level offences. Chances are high that one would be involved in crime during their lifetime, either as a victim, or as an assailant. Nevertheless, what really motivates individuals to commit crime? Studies have shown that in different political, economic, and cultural backgrounds, crime occurs in diverse patterns making it a serious social problem. Hence, criminology and sociology experts have examined numerous aspects of crime in an attempt to elucidate why individuals commit crime, and cogently explain its social context.

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American society has created unhealthy beauty standards that people want to live up to, but they ridicule those same standards when their goals can’t be achieved. Woman criticize how other women look but are offended when others do the same to them. There is “fat-shaming” and “skinny-shaming,” and now, no one's body seems to fit the “ideal” mold that Americans have crafted. It’s a hypocrisy of ideas. Body shaming is certainly not a new phenomenon, but social media outlets have caused it to spiral out of control.

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