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Thermocycler Lab Report

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TAS tubes we used TAS2R38F and TAS2R38R. Each primer is complementary to one strand of the DNA, and these primers allowed for instant DNA amplification of a certain DNA sequence at a specific site. Each student then added their cheek cells to their respective tubes, and then they would be centrifuged and then placed in a thermocycler. The thermocycler had pre-programmed temperature to denature, anneal, and synthesize the DNA. After completing the PCR reactions, we placed our tubes into a freezer(Leight and McAllister 2017). Every student grabbed their specific tube and let it thaw out. Each student then obtained a 5 mL microtube that would be filled with a 5 microliters of a certain PCR product, 10 microliters of its enzyme cocktail, and …show more content…

This graph simply breaks down the observed genotypes, and then we use the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium equation to predict the expected individuals that will end up with a certain genotype/ For both tables we calculated a P-value, and that calculation was previously described above. If the P-value was below .05 than we failed to reject the hypothesis, and if the P-value was greater than .05 we would reject the null hypothesis. In this experiment, there was only one degree of freedom which corresponded to 3.84 being equivalent to a P-value of .05. So if we calculated a chi-square value above 3.84 we would reject the null hypothesis. If the chi-square value was less than 3.84 we would fail to reject the null hypothesis. After calculating, we found the LCT loci to have a chi-square value of 20.97, which definitely exceeded our necessary value of 3.84, so we were able to reject the null hypothesis for this allele. As for the TAS2R38 allele, we calculated a chi-square value of 2.78, which fell under the necessary value of 3.84, thus we would fail to reject the null for this

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In this experiment, we are testing whether or not the Isopods' have more of a preference for an environment with syrup or with water. The alternative hypothesis we devised is that if the Isopods are placed in between a syrup and a water chamber, then they will go towards the syrup chamber. This is believed because we believe the Isopods may have an attraction to the sweet scent and taste of the syrup. My group and I observed 10 pillbugs behavior over the span of 5 minutes, recording the number of pill bugs found in each chamber every 30 seconds. We fail to reject the null hypothesis because the chi squared value is 3.6 which is less than 3.84 (critical value at .05).

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4.1 SEX-Dose sex differ will have influence on student’s score? From the histogram graphs above, we can confirm that mean in four subjects are trend to normally distributed. To test whether the mean for reading, writing, math and science is the same for males and females, an independent samples t-test tool is suitable because it can compare the means of a normally distributed interval dependent variable for two independent groups. H0: Females have no significant difference and high mean score than males in reading score H1:

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At a level of significance of 0.05 the researcher is accepting a possible type I error 5 cases out of a 100 and 95 cases out of 100 a true null hypothesis (Loiselle et al., 2011). Step 3: Selection of one-tailed or two-tailed test The selection for a one-tailed or two-tailed test is not required for a Chi-Square for independence test (Salkind, 2013). Chi-Square test has both variables that are of a categorical level of measurement therefore, there is no direction (Salkind, 2013). Step 4:

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Variance in the white allele frequency over time did not deviate from the Wright-Fisher model for any of the four treatment types. This trend was predicted for the dark treatments, but deviation due to selective disadvantage was expected to occur in the light treatments. The same phenomenon occurred in the calculations of heterozygosity over time. None of the populations showed statistical difference from the Wright equation calculated values, which was expected for the dark treatments but not for the light populations. These inconsistencies between predictions and results may be due to selective disadvantage against the white allele under light conditions and the effect of population size not being as strong originally hypothesized.

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The chi-square analysis assesses the influence of chance on genetic data. Lastly, pedigree show repeating patterns of inheritance in homosapiens. (chi square analysis is used to explain the inheritance pattern seen in the genetic cross. (purpose of calculation)

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Since the 1700s, researchers have already been using statistical testing in search for answering many scientific or non-scientific questions (McLean & Ernest, 1998). From deciding a serious issue such as whether a patient needs a certain treatment, to a trivial matter such as deciding whether to buy a certain car or apartment, significant tests are used as a part of our decision’s making process. It provides us with conveniences and nurtures our quick decision-making process. It is so embroiled in our life that we seem to trust it so much without considering the significant errors it might have. There have been many ongoing debates by professionals from social sciences, researchers and doctors in deciding whether the abolishment of significance test is needed as it contains many controversies that are worthy to note (Lecoutre, Poitevineau & Lecoutre, 2005).

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Finally, the amplified DNA regions are compare using a gel. DNA Profiling

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