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Wedding Cake Model Of Crime Essay

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1. Explain why no single factor can be considered the cause of the crime decline in the 1990s.
Advocates who are in favor of their individual crime fighting polies argue that it was their approaches such as, increased incarceration, decline use of crack, community policing and many more that truly resulted in the great American crime drop. However, there is no single explaination as to why crime fell in the United States, rather it was the cause of different and new policing strategies working together at the same time. The dramatic decline in the use of crack cocaine and the recent innovations such as, deterrence policing all provides tangible evidence that they are some of many plausible explanations that contributed in the great American …show more content…

The fourth-layer cases are misdemeanors which are handled by lower criminal courts and remains as an extensive volume of cases outnumbering felonies. These cases posess the least seriousness and majority of them are public order offenses that are handled by plea bargains. In contrast, the second layer consists of serious felonies such as, rape, and robbery. These cases are more complex in the way they are handled and officials use several factors to determine the seriousness of the felonies. In second layer cases there is a lesser chance that the defendant will enter in to a plea bargain before …show more content…

Yet, numerous research has shown that the death penalty has no effect on the deterrence of crime. According to the Death Penalty Information Center, murder rates have remained consistently higher in states with the death penalty than their neighboring non death penalty states. Another argument of advocates of the death penalty is that it prevents crime by putting fear of death in the minds of criminals. However, most crimes are committed in a heat of passion, therefore, criminals are mainly concerned about whether they will be caught, not what might happen to them afterwards. Since most murders are not recidivists, the death penalty does not work as a deterrent. Moreover, While the numerous appeals drags on, many death row inmates spends over a decade awaiting execution and many have their sentences

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While many opponents argue the economics of the issue, they fail to acknowledge that the main goals of punishment are to correct behavior that is deviant from the law and to prevent similar incidences from occurring. Without capital punishment, the culprits would not have to confront the potential of death, meaning that the marginal cost of violent crime would be diminished. Therefore, capital punishment is an effective method to deter

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Being on death row often prolongs the pain for the inmate. They spend their time in prison fearing the inevitable which for them is death. Today, we live in a society that is very divided on this issue. There are many in support of the death penalty, suggesting that it acts as a positive deterrent against future crime. There are also many

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In the article “The Crime Bust” by Gordon Witkin, it is introduced that in 1994, after a 9 year soar in crime rates, they began falling (1). According to preliminary figures released by the FBI, all across the board, the amount of crime committals were declining at a drastic rate. (Witkin 1). To determine the source of this sudden decline, several factors were examined, such as the economy, dismissed as “Robbery and burglary fluctuate with economic conditions--but murders generally do not…” (Witkin, 1-2) Prevention and domestic abuse were also discredited since “Studies show that prevention programs don’t work, and others may or may not be effective…” and “...in 1996, there were only 447 fewer ‘domestics’ than in 1993, accounting for just 9 percent of the murder reduction.”

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Over the second half of this State and Local Government course we have been reading and discussing The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander. Her overarching theme for this book has been incarceration, and its purpose is to change the way we think about the world and its systems. All of our class discussions on incarceration and all it entails, led me to wonder what the connection between incarceration and crime is. In this paper I will be using multiple sources that have to do with crime and incarceration in order to find out how incarceration relates to crime rates and if incarceration is the reason for crime decline. I will go over all the information I found on this topic including my findings on incarceration, including statistics and rates,

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763 Words | 4 Pages

In chapter four of Freakonomics, Levitt and Dubner discuss the criminal activity occurring in the United states and what the possible causes are for the decrease of crime rate in the 1990’s. The authors bring up several theories as to why the crime rates have decreased such as policemen, stricter gun laws, drug market changes and even abortion laws. Levitt and Dubner do a really good job in explaining the different theories in the decrease of crimes. The authors also provide very interesting points that might make you think differently about something. Some factors may seem hard to believe but it can cause a great impact in society like abortion.

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609 Words | 3 Pages

Article Descriptions Levitt (2004) described four factors that provide an explanation for crime reduction, which included the increasing number of police, the rising prison population, the receding crack epidemic and the legalization of abortion. There are other theories as to why crime declined during the 1990s, however they do not provide a substantial amount of evidence. The six theories described in Levitt’s article that played a little role, included the strong economy, changing demographics, better policing strategies, gun control laws, laws allowing the carrying of concealed weapons and the increased use of capital punishment.

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783 Words | 4 Pages

Many factors of the crack epidemic influenced the crime drop. First, the “precipitous rise in crack cocaine in the mid-to-late 1980s in America” made violence and crime increase drastically (Baumer and Wolff, 2014, p. 21). Since crime shot up, it made statistics seem to drop even more in the 1990s, especially for homicides, as stated by Levitt (2004). The shift from young people to a “graying” society is another point at which Baumer, Wolff and Levitt can all agree could be a cause for the crime drop of the 1990s (Baumer and Wolff, 2014, p. 20).

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1044 Words | 5 Pages

There have been many studies indicating both a positive and negative effect on the homicide count regarding executions. A study by Hashem Dezhbaksh, Paul H. Rubin, and Joanna M. Shepherd published in the Journal of Law and Economics in 2003 concluded that each execution deterred a rough estimate of 18 murders. While another study by Katherine Baicker and Sendhil Mullainathan published in the Journal of Political Economy in 2004 found no evidence supporting that conclusion. This debate in detail would require a whole other paper. Another argument is retribution.

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1112 Words | 5 Pages

In some states, a direct appeal is required, however, in other states it is the offender’s decision. A death penalty inmate spends on average a decade on death row before execution. A decade allows adequate time to file appeals, if they feel their sentence is unfair. After the completion of this appeal, it is the offender’s decision to attempt

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“‘Death sentences represent less than one-tenth of 1% of prison sentences in the United States…,’” (Von Drehle, 9). Furthermore, death row is just a small fraction of the criminal justice system and can not be based on that alone. For instance, what many don't take into account is the justice systems allows for many states, such as the populous state of New York, to ban the death penalty. (state laws, p1)

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In “Deterrence and the Death Penalty: Why the Statistics Should Be Ignored,” Daniel Nagin explains why the statistics are not reliable. According to researchers, studies have reached different and contradictory outcomes. Some studies say that executions save numerous lives and other studies say that executions increase homicides while others say that executions have no effect on homicide. The National Research Council recommends that studies on the effect of capital punishment on homicide is not informative about whether capital punishment decreases, increases, or has no effect on homicide rates. Thus, the committee suggests that these studies should not be used as reliable information on how death penalty affects homicide.

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765 Words | 4 Pages

This is technically proven since states with a death penalty have a higher murder rate then ones without one. Executions might have worked as a deterrent when people were hung publicly, had their heads removed, shot down by firing squad, and even when done using the electric chair. The big problem with all of these is also what made them genuinely effective, the brutality. Now we administer a humane drug cocktail. Nobody cares, sure most people don 't want to die, but most people on death row actually do, because

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1279 Words | 6 Pages

Assignment #1 Review questions Chap. 1 p. 26: 1. A single standard of ethics cannot be applied to all criminal justice agencies. The world is too complex to legislate morality and ethics. The cultures that make up each part of the world are not the same.

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Capital punishment is often justified by saying that by executing the murders birth of new murders would be prevented. Executions especially when they are more painful and public create a sense of horror and halts those tempted towards criminality to violate laws. In countries such as Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Nigeria and New York crime rates are exceptionally high and this affects the population there. The police also works inefficiently in these countries and the criminals easily escape from punishments. Punishments in public especially capital punishment highly controls the crime rate in most of the countries with low crime rate.

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275 Words | 2 Pages

Recidivism rates are another reason some support the death penalty. There are many offenders that are inclined to perpetrate the same crimes over and over again when they are freed from prison. Criminals who have perpetrate an exceptionally atrocious offence may have the death penalty leveled on them as a way of making sure that they never repeat the crime ever again. This happens to be brought up on a regular basis with repeat offenders like serial killers. Some say that the price of executing a prisoner cost less than housing them for life in prison when in actuality the cost of a capital trial, housing on death row, and all of the other aspects related to a capital case end up costing more than a non-death penalty case.

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