Understanding Globalization: Insights on Imperialism and More
School
Santa Monica College**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
GLOBAL 2504
Subject
Anthropology
Date
Dec 10, 2024
Pages
6
Uploaded by CorporalArt15761
1.Is Globalization different from imperialism, colonialism, development, and Americanism? Examine the similarities and differences among these processes. But first, you mustdefineall these terms below (Worth 7 points): •Globalization: The process by which the political, economic, social, and cultural links among people, institutions, states, and governments become integrated at a global level (McCormick 3) •Imperialism: A policy –usually by a government or a state –to extend power and influence through diplomacy, economic control, or military conquest (McCormick 23) •Colonialism: Efforts by the governments or citizens of one region to occupy and control foreign territories with a view to settlement, economic exploitation, or strategic advantage (McCormick 21) •Developmentalism: an economic theory which states that the best way for less developed economies to develop is through fostering a strong and varied internal market and imposing high tariffs on imported goods •Americanism: attachment or allegiance to the traditions, institutions, and ideals of the United States Globalization is like imperialism because they both involve integration of economics and politics on a global scale; however, they differ because imperialism is a conquest and is forceful whereas globalization is a more harmonious and mutual process that happens naturally. Next, globalization is like colonialism because they both highlight integration across the globe. Despite this, they are more different than similar because globalization does not focus on ‘occupying’ the physical state of other countrieslike colonialism does but rather connects states socially, culturally, and economically. Third, globalization and developmentalism are similar in the fact that they both focus on growing the economy with other countries. However, developmentalism focuses on connecting with other countries with the purpose of benefiting just that country, and globalization highlights connecting with other countries to benefit the globe and whole world. Lastly, Americanism and globalization work hand in hand in the way that they both spread quickly around the world and are processes that have impacted the trajectory of the globe. They are different though because Americanism focuses on American cultures and values specifically and globalization focuses on the world. 2.How has the definition of imperialism changed throughout the 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21stcenturies? Is imperialism relevant as an analytical tool for the current global age (“The End of Poverty?”)? (worth 2 points)
Imperialism has changed juristically throughout the 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21stcenturies. During the 18thcentury, imperialism was a mode of European colonization and a desire for valuable resources and land. As stated in “The End of Poverty?”, the 19thcentury was when the British justified the land that did not belong to them, and they used their own legal system through advice of colonial government. During the 20thcentury, imperialism took a face of neocolonialism and focused on trying to maintain power within the colonizers. Lastly, the 21stcentury is now taking a turn and prioritizing globalization and finding ways to build other countries up together. Imperialism is relevant as an analytical tool for the current global age because it helps us understand the unfair power regimes across the globe and concepts such as neocolonialism and globalization. 3.Define post-colonialism theory. Explain the origin/root of the post-colonial theory and give examples of post-colonial scholars (Use your notes from the video “The End of Poverty?”). (worth 2 points) Post-colonialism theory reflects and analyzes the effects that colonialism and imperialism had on the world, and specifically on countries in Asia, the Caribbean, and Africa. Post-colonialism first emerged in the 20thcentury after these countries started gaining back their independence from their colonists. The theory highlights the effects colonizers had on native traditions, values, literature, history, education, and politics. As explained the video “The End of Poverty?”, colonizers left a forever legacy on the countries and people colonized such as changes in mentality, religion, culture. A tribe member in a small village in Africa states that colonizers “came with a bible in one hand and a rifle in the other”,depicting the effect the colonists had. Post-colonial scholar David Ellerman focuses on a post-colonial approach where the goal is not to directly politically control a country but rather integrate new economic and political order which is geared to the needs of the north. The north then extracts cheap labor and resources and can be interpreted as a subtle form of an empire. 4.What is Dependency theory, and what were some ideas the independentistsor Dependency theorists were trying to accomplish (worth 2 points)? The dependency theory highlights the unfair and unjust cycle between independent, developed countries and dependent, underdeveloped countries. This theory dates to
colonialism where conquers needed to keep colonies in a state of dependency so they designed a function to each country as producer of certain crops like tea, sugar, coffee, that could be exported to mother country which imposed countries into a state of dependency (The End of Poverty?). Some ideas the independentists were trying to accomplish was a break away from this cycle in attempt to not be dependent on the developed countries anymore. By doing so, their countries could be self-sufficient and could potentially form an independent economy and trade system. 5.Define the World System theory. How does it differ from the Dependency theory (worth 2 points)? The World System Theory focuses on the idea that the world is split up into three regions based on their roles in the global economy. The first region (core) are countries that are economically independent, politically powerful, and leaders in global trade. The second region (periphery) are underdeveloped countries that provide resources, labor, and raw materials to the dependent countries and have little economic and political power. The last region (semi-periphery) sits in between these other two regions politically and economically. While the dependency theory focuses more on the emergence of colonialism and its effects on countries around the globe, the world system theory focuses on the effects of capitalism and the economic effects. 6.What are the different forms, causes, and expressions of anti-Americanism? b. Has anti-Americanism increased or declined over the years? (This is more your opinion--It is not from the book per see) (worth 2 points). A few different forms of anti-Americanism consist of rejection of Americanism politics, cultures, and ideology. This can include rejecting and not supporting American military and military tactics. Or, disliking American culture such as music, food, movies, television shows, language, etc. I think that anti-Americanism had increased over the years. Evidence in seen through various terrorists' attacks on America 9/11 or the Vietnam War. Another example of an increase of anti-Americanism is other countries wanting the same power and status that America has on a global scale. Countries like China and Russia are fighting to claim that dominant spot that America holds, further sparking an increase in anti-Americanism.
7.“The acquisition of farmland from the world’s poor by rich countries and international corporations is accelerating at an alarming rate, with an area half the size of Europe’s farmland targeted. How might this trend be analyzed in terms of neocolonialism and Globalization (worth 2 points)? Neocolonialism focuses on the colonizers maintaining power within the colonized countries by using their natural resources and labor. A form of neocolonialism is when countries have their own government and are politically independent, but they are within an institutional system. For example, many policies are forced upon indebted countries in the South by the World Bank and World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund (The End of Poverty?). Additionally, this can be analyzed in terms of globalization as globalization creates this movement and bond between countries that can create this unfair cycle of poor countries having to give up natural resources that they need to rich countries. 8.Is Globalization the same as Westernization (worth 2 points)? Globalization is not the same as Westernization. First, globalization is the process by which the political, economic, social, and cultural links among people, institutions, states, and governments become integrated at a global level (McCormick 3). This differs from westernization because it focuses specifically on the effects and customs western countries have and make on non-western countries. However, westernization can be a result of globalization. 9.Why has the development project failed, and what are the implications for Globalization (worth 2 points)? The development project is a project to help underdeveloped, poor countries improve and develop their economies. Despite the beneficial movement of the project, it has failed. One reason it has failed is because it makes the poorer countries dependent on foreign aid and exchange and creates a cycle of poverty that is irreversible. Some implications for globalization are the lack of wanting to help, integrate, and support other countries around the world. We should look at other countries who need help and support them through political or economic means and through the lends of globalization.
End of Poverty Documentary Notes •All the countries are connected by European domination which will spread to Asia and Africa •The capitalist system and modern times stetted at moment of Conquest •Colonizers came from Spain and Portugal –stole gold, silver jewels, and then land •19thcentury: British justify land that did not belong through them –used their own legal system through advice of colonial government •Colonizers perceived as either coming to steal gold or to spread Bible to deceive •British viewed colonized area of people and land as a property •Colonialism had negative and lasting consequences in poor countries •Slave trade –left a legacy of violence •Capitalism: cannot operate without free labor •Conquers needed to keep colonies in state of dependency –designed a function to each country as producer of certain crops like tea, sugar, coffee, that could be exported to mother country which imposed countries into a state of dependency. Motherland imported food. Seen 500 years later •Europeans needed to create new markets for new productions –all existing industries were destroyed and colonized forced to buy goods from colonial masters •Legacy of colonialism: poor countries in third world continue to export raw materials and producers export finished products (intention: make sure third world country remain dependent on exporting raw materials) o“Since 1960, third world countries have suffered a 70% drop in price of agricultural exports compared to manufactured imports” (34:30).•Legacy of colonizers: change in mentality, religion, culture. Came with bible in one hand and rifle in other, imposing Christianity on people •Biggest consequence was imposition of culture imperialism which led to psychological destruction that result in a loss of sense of self •“The richest 1% of the world’s population owns 32% of the wealth” (42:08).•Micheal Watts: labor, market, and strategic resources are all about the process of primitive accumulation: dispose in different ways to do different things: something can only become a market if taken out of market. primitive accumulation is recursive •Countries have their own government and politically independent, but they are within an institutional system –form of neocolonialism
oMany policies are forced upon indebted countries in the South by World Bank and World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund •David Ellerman: post-colonial approach: goal is not to directly politically control country but rather integrate into new economic and political order which is geared to the needs of the north: extracting cheap labor and resources (subtle form of an empire) •Accumulated debts from the colonies when the south gained independence, used to open new markets in violation of international laws •More dept with extremely high interest was the “solution” to repay•Lost sovereignty and became more dependent on northern countries which dictates policies on agriculture, trade, and customs •Independent states were born with a debt, so they owed the world bank oTold to tame more loans to build larger infrastructure to export natural resources oHuge projects had to be supported such as lower Congo which only increased third world debt oLoans are not helping poor people but harming them oMoney never goes to country, just our own corporation oCountries can't repay loans •Susan George - “Sub-Saharan Africa, poorest part of the world, is paying 25k every minute to northern creditors” - which could be used differently to schools, homes, etc.”•Susan George: “South is actually financing the North to the tune of $200 billion every year.” •