Mastering Psychology: Key Concepts for Exam 2 Study Guide
School
New York University**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
PSYCH-UA 1
Subject
Psychology
Date
Dec 10, 2024
Pages
4
Uploaded by MagistrateDinosaurPerson1249
Introduction to PsychologyExam 2 Study GuideI.Sensation and Perceptiona.Distinction between sensation and perceptionb.How blindsight shows evidence for the distinctionc.“What” and “where” pathwaysi.How do we know they are distinct?ii.What happens when each is impaired?d.How do the various illusions shown in class illustrate that sensation involves change detectione.Weber’s Law (be able to define and identify)f.Realism vs. idealismg.Phonemic restorationh.Evidence that expectations influence perception (expectancy effects) i.Distinguish between top-down and bottom-up processingII.Consciousnessa.Freud’s theory of consciousness and the unconsciousb.What has science told us about Freud’s unconscious?c.Modern views of unconscious modularityd.Evidence of unconscious processesi.Unconscious learning (amnesia tells us something about this)ii.Pattern detection (remember the baby chicks!)iii.Unconscious filtering (think: “cocktail party” phenomenon)iv.Unconscious priming (Stroop effect, subliminal advertising)v.Ironic rebound (the “white bear effect”)
Introduction to PsychologyExam 2 Study Guidee.Functions of the “consciousness module”III.Learninga.What are the 3 aspects of our “basic hardware”? What purpose do theyserve?b.Define, explain, and identify examples of:i.Unconditioned stimulusii.Conditioned stimulusiii.Unconditioned responseiv.Conditioned responsec.Important classical conditioning concepts:i.Predictionii.Generalizationiii.Blockingiv.Latent Inhibitionv.Extinctionvi.Spontaneous Recoveryvii.The story of Little Albert: What happened, what does it show?d.Operant conditioning:i.Similarities and differences between classical and operant conditioningii.The law of effectiii.Examples that illustrate operant conditioniv.Schedules of reinforcement:
Introduction to PsychologyExam 2 Study Guide1.Fixed ratio reinforcement2.Fixed interval reinforcement3.Variable ratio reinforcement4.Variable interval reinforcementIV.Memorya.Define and distinguish sensory, working, and long-term memory and allof the various subtypesb.The purpose of iconic and echoic memoryc.Understand, explain, identify the concept of distributed representationand how it applies to memoryd.Define semantic memory and how it makes use of distributed representationse.How the lexical decision task illustrates distributed representations in semantic memoryf.How distributed representations work in encoding and retrieval for episodic memoryg.Retrieval cuesh.Identify, explain, give examples, and know how each reflects a consequence of distributed representations:i.Levels of processingii.Encoding specificity and context dependenceiii.The function of the hippocampusi.Patient HM:
Introduction to PsychologyExam 2 Study Guidei.What type of amnesia did HM have?ii.What is the evidence that HM had impaired explicit memory?iii.What is the evidence that HM had intact implicit memory?j.Define and identify examples of implicit memory and primingV.Thinkinga.What is prospecting?b.Expected utility theory (know the formula and how to use it!) c.Errors of oddsi.Sample size neglectii.Gambler’s fallacyiii.Conjunction fallacyiv.Availability biasv.Planning fallacyd.Errors of valuation:i.Presentismii.Comparing to the pastiii.Temporal discountingiv.Prospect theory:1.“Losses loom larger than gains”2.Endowment effect