Exploring Intertidal and Marine Life: A Comprehensive Guide
School
James Madison University**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
BIO 357
Subject
Anthropology
Date
Dec 10, 2024
Pages
6
Uploaded by ChancellorLoris4789
Topic 13- Intertidal and Marine LifeIntertidal Life-1350Km of shoreline-Rocky shores, sandy beaches, mangrove lagoonsAlgae-Major food source for marine iguanas and some crabs-Green algae: Ulva lobata (sea lettuce)-Brown algae: not eaten by iguanasIntertidal invertebrates-Marine iguanas-Many birds spend time reeding in this zoneEchinoderms-Seastars-Two species in genus Heliaster -Seas cucumbers-Relatives of seastars-Sea Urchens (Eucidaris thouarsii)-Pencil spined urchin-Mollusks-Octopuses -Crustaceans-Barnacles: jointed limbs/ tough exoskeleton-12 feathery limbs -Megabalaces -Crabs-Over 100 species (native)-Grapus Grapus (sally lightfoot)-Young are black in color and are faster than adults -Feeds on algae and detritus -Natural enemies: herons, moray eels, certain fish-Gohst crabs (Ocypode gaudichaudii)-Dig burrows in the sand-“Sand balls” pellets of sand they have examined for food-Hermit crabs (Coehobita compressus) -Found around mangrove areas-Rests during day, feeds at night, changes shells as they growMarine Life Mixing of cold and warm water (diverse assemblage)-306 species of fish 25% are endemic-Sharks and Rays-Carilaginous fish
-Common (white tipped reef shark, black tipped reef shark, Galapagos shark, hammerhead shark, tiger shark)-Rays (spotted eagle ray, golden ray, eagle ray, mantaray, latter ray, 6m across 450kg-Boney Fish-Yellow tailed surgeon fish, white banded angel fish, blue eyed damsel fish, hieroglyphic hawk fish, blue parrot fish, jewel moray eel-Lobsters (panulirus)-Three species of spiney lobster-Blue/Green, red and slipperTopic 14 Discovery -Discovered in 1535 by Tomas Berlanga, Bishop of Panama. Berlanga reported to King of Spain, Giant Tortoises, LOTS OF ROCKS, seals, iguanas, and tame birds- For the next 300 years visitors included pirates, buccaneers, whalers/sealers, military personnel-During the 17th century pirates were probably the first to intentionally come to the galapagos. Useful, far enough away to stay hidden when committing crimes- In the 1680s Englishman William Ambrose Cowley visited and in 1684 he made a map of the islands and named the islands after English nobility. - 1680s William Dampier (English)-First to describe the islands natural history - in 1697 published “A new voyage round the world”- coined the name “sea lions”- and figured out he could use turtle oils instead of butter-Retuned in 1709 long with Woods Rogers, commanded Duke and Duchess. Earlier they found Alexandar Selkirk marboned on Juan Fernandez - John Clipperton- Last pirate to visit (1720) left some introduced species- 1788 Captin James Sheilds of Emilia - first pacific whale hunts- returned 140 tons of whale oil and 888 seal skins- 1793 Captin James Colnett (H.M.S Rattler)- uptated map of islands and renamed them - found abundance of sperm whale/fur seals- established post office bay on Floreana- Patrick Watkins (Irishman)- First settler on Floreana- grew veggies, traded with whaling crews for rum, Watkins was marboned, wanted to be left on island on 1805, but he left in 1809, forcing wayward sailors to go with him on a small boat, Pat was the only one to make it.-American Frigate, Essex, under Captin David Porter- visited in 1813 - on of the first to introduce goats to Santiago- Porter was first to describe differences in the tortoise types on different islands
- in 1820, Essex a whaling ship was sunk by a whale- 1890 Fur seal was considered commercially not worth pursuing - between 1784-1860 whalers took 100,000 tortoises - in 1784 estimated 10,000 tortoises- General Jose Maria De Villamil was the first to push to colonate the islands- 1831 Villamil commissioned a study of financial possibilities - can make dye from a lichen (Rocella gracilis) produces mauve dye- main town called villamil on Feb. 12th- First real colonists on Floreana were soldiers that were banished to galapagos for a failed coup- 80 others joined then later in the year- brought donkeys, goats, pigs, cattle - cut down highland forests to create pastures to plant crops - failed by 1852- Colonization effort in 1858 Manuel J. Cobbs moved to El Progreso, a settlement on San Cristobal - sugar cane, coffee, tortoise oil- assasinated in 1904 by their own prisoners-1925-1926, Norwigians colonized Floreana and San Cristobal- Santa Cruz focused on fishing, canning turtle meat, lobster, and grouper- ended after canner exploded- 1929 German colonists arrived Floreana and had many mysterious stories about Dr. Friedrich Ritter, Dore Strauch, Baroness, Eloise Wagner de Basquet, and Wittmer family- Stories ended tragically- Baroness and partner disappeared - Ritter died of food poisoning - another found mummified on Marchena - Remains a mysteryTest Questions for Topic 13: Intertidal and Marine Life & Topic 14: DiscoveryIntertidal and Marine Life (Topic 13)1.Multiple Choice:Which of the following types of algae is a major food source for marine iguanas?a) Red algaeb) Green algae (Ulva lobata)c) Brown algaed) Blue-green algae2.True or False:Brown algae is eaten by marine iguanas.● True● False
3.Multiple Choice:Which of the following is NOT an intertidal invertebrate found in the Galápagos?a) Seastars (Heliaster species)b) Ghost crabs (Ocypode gaudichaudii)c) Dolphinsd) Pencil-spined sea urchins (Eucidaris thouarsii)4.Fill in the Blank:Barnacles have __________ feathery limbs and a tough exoskeleton.● 125.Short Answer:Describe the diet and behavior of young Sally Lightfoot crabs (Grapsus grapsus).6.Multiple Choice:What is the primary function of "sand balls" created by Ghost crabs (Ocypode gaudichaudii)?a) To store foodb) To dig tunnelsc) To sift through sand for foodd) To create nests7.True or False:Marine iguanas are herbivores that mainly feed on algae in the intertidal zone.● True● False8.Multiple Choice:Which of the following marine animals is NOT part of the Galápagos' marine life?a) Blue-eyed damsel fishb) Spotted eagle rayc) Green sea turtled) Starfish9.Short Answer:List three species of sharks commonly found in the Galápagos waters.10.Multiple Choice:Which species of lobster is NOT found in the Galápagos?a) Blue/Green Spiny Lobsterb) Red Spiny Lobsterc) Slipper Lobsterd) European LobsterDiscovery (Topic 14)1.Multiple Choice:Who first discovered the Galápagos Islands in 1535?a) William Dampier
b) Tomas Berlangac) Captain James Colnettd) Captain James Shields2.True or False:Pirates and buccaneers were among the first people to intentionally visit the Galápagos Islands during the 17th century.● True● False3.Multiple Choice:What was William Dampier's major contribution to the discovery of the Galápagos?a) He created the first map of the islands.b) He coined the term "sea lions" and published a book on the natural history of the islands.c) He established the first settlement on Floreana.d) He introduced goats to the islands.4.Short Answer:Explain the significance of the 1793 visit by Captain James Colnett to the Galápagos Islands.5.Multiple Choice:Which of the following settlers is known for being the first person to attempt colonization on the Galápagos Islands in the early 19th century?a) William Ambrose Cowleyb) Patrick Watkinsc) Manuel J. Cobbsd) General José María De Villamil6.True or False:The first real colonists on Floreana were military personnel who were banished after a failed coup.● True● False7.Multiple Choice:Which of the following is NOT a reason the early colonization efforts in the Galápagos failed?a) The introduction of non-native species like goats and pigsb) Conflict with indigenous populationsc) Deforestation to create pasturesd) Lack of fertile soil for crops8.Short Answer:What happened to the German colonists who arrived in the Galápagos in 1929?9.Multiple Choice:Which whaling ship was involved in the first Pacific whale hunt in the Galápagos, under Captain James Shields?a) Essexb) Duke and Duchessc) Emiliad) Rattler
10.True or False:The introduction of goats to Santiago by Captain David Porter in 1813 was a positive development for the Galápagos ecosystem.● True● False