Understanding Post-WWII: Nuremberg Trials and Cold War Dynamics
School
Coral Reef Senior High School**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
SCIENCE 123A
Subject
History
Date
Dec 12, 2024
Pages
9
Uploaded by MasterWorld8540
(Go to File, Download As, then pick the format you want to use)Module 6 – 6.01: Post WWIIThe Big IdeasBriefly describe the Nuremberg Trials (pg. 2). Court proceedings of German war criminals and Nazi party leaders after WW2What precedents did the Nuremberg Trials set (pg. 2)?After the Nuremberg Trials, "I was just following orders" could no longer be used as an excuse for committing atrocities. In addition, the rationale that both sides ina war were equally guilty of killing was not considered an acceptable defense. How did the relationship between the U.S. and the Soviet Union change after WWII (pg. 6)?The Soviets had different goals. They wanted to prevent the spread of democracy and promote the spread of communism. They also wanted to keep Germany divided and weak. Briefly describe the differences between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (pg. 7).The United States was a democracy in which people elect their leaders. The Soviets embraced a totalitarian government with no free elections. The American economy was largely based on free-market principles with some government oversight. The Soviet economy was controlled entirely by the government. What did the United States do to prevent the spread of communism (pg. 8)? The Marshall planWhat were the major alliances of the Cold War era (pg. 10)?the United States, Canada, and several Western European North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Soviet Union Warsaw Pact with its Eastern European satellite nations. PeopleMary McLeod Bethune (What was she known for?) (pg. 4)renowned African American educator and social reformerPresident Truman (How did he believe the U.S. should fight communism?) (pg. 8)He promised the United States would give political, military, and economic support to all democratic nations threatened by authoritarian powers.Events (Describe the event, its causes and effects)Dumbarton Oaks Conference (pg. 4)Even before World War II ended, the Allied Powers sought to ensure future peace and security through a new international organization. The stage was set for this international organization at a series of meetings Berlin Airlift (pg. 8)Marshall Plan (pg. 8)Vocabulary●Arms race – militarization between the competing superpowers of the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War●Berlin Airlift – the event that stemmed from the Soviet blockade of roads and railways to West Berlin in 1948, which forced the United States and Britain to use aircraft to supply the city●Big Three – nickname for the leaders of the major Allied powers in WWII – Roosevelt (USA), Churchill (Great Britain), and Stalin (Soviet Union)
●Cold War – the state of hostility that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII●Containment – policy of restricting the territorial growth/influence of a hostile nation●Dumbarton Oaks Conference – international peace conference in Washington, DC, where the plan was made to create the United Nations●Iron curtain – phrase used by Winston Churchill to describe the imaginary line that separated Western and Eastern powers during the Cold War●Marshall Plan – economic aid sent by the United States to European nations after World War II tohelp rebuild their economies and win their loyalty●North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – defensive military alliance formed by the United States and its allies in 1949●Nuremberg Trials – trials held after WWII that focused on Nazi leaders and their actions during the Holocaust; trials were held at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany●Truman Doctrine – American policy of providing aid to any country whose welfare was deemed essential to the safety of the United States●Universal Declaration of Human Rights – an expression of the rights of all people made by the U.N.●Warsaw Pact – a military alliance between the Soviet Union and seven other communist nations from Eastern Europe during the Cold WarModule 6 – 6.02: The Fifties and SixtiesThe Big IdeasBriefly describe the postwar economic boom (pg. 2).What were the causes and effects of the “Baby Boom” of the 1950s (pg. 2)?How did television change the U.S. (pg. 3)? (Hint: Be sure to include the social, economic and political changes.)How did life change for African Americans in the 1950s (pg. 5)?How were women affected by the postwar boom (pg. 6)?How did the Beats influence the Baby Boomers (pg. 8)?PeopleTeenagers (What was life like for them in the 1950s) (pg. 4)Beats (How would you describe them?) (pg. 8)Events (Describe the event, its causes and effects)Rock n Roll becomes popular (pg. 4 tab 2)Friedan writes The Feminine Mystique (pg. 6)
Vocabulary●Baby Boom – period characterized by a high birth rate, specifically in the United States from 1946–1964●Baby boomers – those born during the baby boom that occurred from 1946 through 1964●Beats – a group of writers and their followers who expressed ideas and attitudes counter to the prevailing culture of the United States in the 1950s●Complacency – a state of being satisfied with one's self or with what one has●Conformity – fitting one's attitudes and behavior to the standards of others●GI Bill of Rights – a federal law passed during World War II to help returning veterans secure education and access to home purchases at government expense●Interstate Highway System – a system of high-speed, limited access roads funded by the U.S. government in the 1950s●Juvenile delinquents – lawbreakers under the age of 16; a phrase popular in the 1950s to describe teens who broke the law or who imitated the style of lawbreakers●Materialism – a value system that emphasizes material possessions and economic self-interest●Religious Revival – special worship services or efforts made to awaken or heighten interest in religion, or a period characterized by increased interest in or practice of religionModule 6 – 6.03: Red ScareThe Big IdeasHow did the Cold War cause the Red Scare (pg. 1-2)?How did Americans respond to the threat of communism (pg. 4)?How were Fuchs, Gold, Greenglass, and the Rosenbergs connected (pg. 5 slideshow)?What was McCarthyism and how did it affect the U.S. (pg. 6)?How did McCarthy finally lose his power (pg. 6)?How did the arms race affect Americans (pg. 7)?PeoplePresident Truman (How did he respond to the threat of communists in the government?) (pg. 4)Blacklisted Americans (What happened to them?) (pg. 2)Events (Describe the event, its causes and effects)HUAC investigations (pg. 2)Alger Hiss case (pg. 5)
Vocabulary●Blacklist: a term used to describe people, especially in the motion picture industry, who were unable to find work after being accused of communist sympathies●Federal Employee Loyalty Program: program created in 1947 by President Harry Truman to investigate all federal employees in order to establish their loyalty to the United States●House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): a committee formed by the House of Representatives to investigate people thought to be disloyal to the United States, especially those believed to be communist or communist sympathizers●McCarran Act: legislation passed by Congress in 1950 over President Harry Truman’s veto that that required Communists to register with the federal government, outlawed any group from making a plan to create a dictatorship, and prevented Communists from obtaining a passport or from entering the U.S.●McCarthyism: the name given to Senator Joseph McCarthy’s tactics of spreading fear of communism through false charges of radical activitiesModule 6 – 6.04: The Korean WarThe Big IdeasHow did the Korean War begin (pg. 2)?Why did the United Nations intervene in the situation in Korea (pg. 2)?How did the U.S.’s fear of communism lead them to support involvement in the Korean War (pg. 2)?Briefly explain how the Korean War was like a see-saw (pg. 3). How did the Korean War end (pg. 5)?What is the relationship like between North and South Korea today (pg. 7)?PeoplePresident Truman (Explain his thoughts about the Korean war. Why did he fire MacArthur?) (pg. 4)General MacArthur (Why did he want to push his troops into China?) (pg. 4)President Eisenhower (How did the Korean War help lead to his election?) (pg. 5)Events (Describe the event, its causes and effects)Landing of troops at Inch’on (pg. 3)Chinese army becomes involved in the war (pg. 4)MacArthur is fired (pg. 4)
Vocabulary●38th Parallel – international boundary between North Korea and South Korea in 1945 established at the end of World War II●Amphibious – military operation that involves forces landed from the sea●Cease-fire – a cessation of hostilities while a peace treaty is negotiated●Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) – area where no military activity is permitted●Domino theory – the theory that events that happen in one country will make them more likely to occur in neighboring countries●Korean War – Cold War conflict between North Korea and South Korea that included the United States, Soviet Union, and ChinaModule 6 – 6.05: The Cold WarThe Big IdeasWhat were some effects of the nuclear arms race (pg. 2)?How did the cold war lead to the space race? (pg. 3)How did Kennedy handle the Cold War (pg. 5)?How did Cuba become a communist nation (pg. 6)?Briefly explain the relationships among Cuba, the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the early 1960s (pgs. 6-7)Briefly describe the events surrounding the Cuban Missile Crisis (pg. 7). (Who was involved? What actions were taken? How did it end?)What happened on November 22, 1963 and how did it change the U.S. (pg. 8)?PeopleFulgencio Batista (What role did he play in Cuban history?) (pg. 6)Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev (What role did he play in the Cuban Missile Crisis?) (pg. 7)President Kennedy (How did he shape U.S. actions during the Cold War?) (pg. 5)Events (Describe the event, its causes and effects)Launch of Sputnik 1 (pg. 3)Bay of Pigs invasion (pg. 6)Discovery of Soviet missiles in Cuba (pg. 7)Vocabulary●Annihilation – complete destruction
●Astronauts – American term for anyone trained for travel in space●Embargo – a restriction on trade between nations●Guerilla – describing a war conducted by a non-regular force that harasses the enemy with quick strikes, or a fighter in such a force; from the Spanish for "little war"●Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) – a missile capable of being aimed at a target at a distance of 5,000 miles (8,000 km) or greater●National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) – American government agency that directs programs relating to space exploration and science●Nationalizing – taking control of a privately owned business or industry by a government for the public benefit, generally with compensation to the owners●Reconnaissance – in military usage, an examination or survey of an enemy's strength and position●Space race – competition between U.S. & U.S.S.R over achievements in space technology & exploration●U-2 – a high-altitude U.S. aircraft used for taking aerial photographsModule 6 – 6.06: The Vietnam WarThe Big IdeasHow did the US support South Vietnam from 1957 to 1963 (pg. 2)?How did President Johnson increase US involvement in Vietnam (pg. 3)?Briefly describe the type of war fought in Vietnam. What tactics and weapons were used? How did thisaffect American soldiers? (pg. 3 slideshow)How did Americans react to the Vietnam War (pg. 5)?How did the media (television, news, radio) affect the way Americans saw the events in Vietnam (pg. 5slideshow)?How did the Vietnam War end? What happened to the country of Vietnam (pg. 7)?How did the Vietnam War change the US (pg. 7)?PeopleHo Chi Minh (What were his goals? How did he try to reach them?) (pg. 2 tab 1)Ngo Dinh Diem (Why did he receive US support for a time? Why did he lose US support?) (pg. 2 tab 2)Events (Describe the event, its causes and effects)Geneva Accords (pg. 2 tab 1)Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (pg. 3)Tet Offensive (pg. 3 slideshow)My Lai Massacre (pg. 6)
Viet Cong (Who were they and why did they fight?) (pg. 3 slideshow)Veterans (What difficulties did they face after the war?) (pg. 7)President Nixon (What did he do to get elected?How did he respond to the war?) (pg. 6)26th Amendment (pg. 7)Vocabulary●Agent Orange – an herbicide used to remove the leaves from trees during the Vietnam War that later caused health problems for soldiers●Conscientious objector – people who refuse to fight in war, usually because of religious or moral beliefs●Deferment – permission to postpone or avoid military service●Doves – people who opposed U.S. military involvement in Vietnam●Geneva Accords – peace treaty ending the Indochina Wars between France and Vietnam; established North Vietnam and South Vietnam under separate governments and called for free elections soon after●Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Congressional act granting the president the power to send U.S. troops into battle without a formal declaration of war●Hawks – people who supported U.S. military involvement in Vietnam●Napalm – flammable jelly-like substance used in some bombs and flamethrowers●Tet Offensive – a series of coordinated attacks launched by communist forces against U.S. and South Vietnamese forces during the Vietnamese New Year, which is known as Tet●Vietcong – South Vietnamese communists who fought against U.S. and South Vietnamese troops with help from the North Vietnamese●Vietnamization – process of shifting control of the war from the U.S. military to the South Vietnamese military; President Nixon's policy of training South Vietnamese forces to take over combat, allowing the withdrawal of U.S. troops●War Powers Act– law required the president to consult with Congress within 48 hours of committing U.S. troops to foreign conflictsModule 6 – 6.07: DisillusionmentThe Big IdeasHow did the Vietnam War change people’s ideas about the US government (pg. 2)?What actions did Nixon take in Vietnam? How did the war end (pg. 2)?What were the Pentagon Papers? How did they change Americans’ feelings about Vietnam (pg. 3)? How were the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the War Powers Act related (pg. 3)?
Briefly describe the Watergate Scandal. How did it affect Americans’ beliefs about their government (pg. 4)?What were the effects of the Watergate Scandal (pg. 5)?PeopleBob Woodward and Carl Bernstein (How were they related to the Watergate Scandal?) (pg. 4 slideshow)Gerald Ford (How did he become president?) (pg. 5)Events (Describe the event, its causes and effects)Tinker v. Des Moines (pg. 2)New York Times v. United States (pg. 3)United States v. Nixon (pg. 4 slideshow)Vocabulary●Credibility Gap – a term used to describe the difference between government statements and news reports regarding the Vietnam War●Disillusionment – being confronted with reality after believing in a false ideal●Executive privilege – the right of the executive branch to keep certain information secret●Impeachment – a process of making a formal accusation of misconduct against a public official●Pentagon Papers – secret government documents about U.S. involvement in Vietnam that were leaked to the press in 1971●Vietnamization – process of shifting control of the war from the U.S. military to the South Vietnamese military; President Nixon's policy of training South Vietnamese forces to take over combat, allowing the withdrawal of U.S. troops●War Powers Act – law required the president to consult with Congress within 48 hours of committing U.S. troops to foreign conflicts●Watergate Scandal – scandal that resulted from a politically motivated break-in and government cover-up that led to the resignation of President NixonThe Korean and Vietnam Wars took place half a world away from the U.S. and several decades ago. Many people often get the details of the two wars confused. Complete this chart to help you remember the similarities and differences between the conflicts.Korean WarVietnam WarDates and LocationsCountries and/or Groups Involved
Reasons for FightingUS Leaders(Government, Military, etc.)Foreign Leaders(include country represented)Major Battles(include reason for importance, outcome, effect on the war)US Public Opinion(How did Americans feel about the conflict?)New Policies(What new political or military policies were created because of the war?)Outcome(How did the conflict end? Include names of specific documents if possible)Other Details(Include any other important facts or events)