Essential Pre-Lab Guide for Liquid-Liquid Phase Extraction
School
Perak Matriculation College**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
CHE SK015
Subject
Chemistry
Date
Dec 11, 2024
Pages
17
Uploaded by SuperHumanMetal11678
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRYFACULTY OF SCIENCEORGANIC CHEMISTRY ICHY3201PRE-LABORATORY ASSIGNMENTSfor LABORATOR MODULESESSION2022/2023
MODULE 2 : LIQUID-LIQUID PHASE EXTRACTIONName : NURUL AMIRAH BINTI MOHD SHAHRULNIZAM. Matric : 230388Demo : Lab : Date :22/10/20241.Draw the flow chart of the experiment.
2.Conduct a risk assessment for the chemicals involve in the experiment and list them in a table.
ChemicalHazardPrecautionTriphenolcarbinolMay be harmful if inhales, cause respiratory tract irritation.May be harmful if absorbed through skin which cause skin irritation.Can cause irritation on skin.Wear appropriate PersonalProtective Equipment(PPE) .In case of skin contact, wash off with soap and plenty of water.In case of eye contact, rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.Benzoic acidExposure to high concentration may cause skin allergy, cause itchinga skin rash when exposed to very low level.Irritation to nose, throat and lung if inhaled.Cause coughing, shortness of breath.Eye irritation.Use only in a well-ventilated area.Minimize dust generation and accumulation.Avoid contact to eyes, skinWear PPE when handling this chemical.EtherCan cause drowsiness, dizziness, vomiting and irregular breathing.High exposure can cause unconsciousness and death.Prolonged skin contact can cause drying, scaling and cracking of the skin.In case of skin contact, wash off immediately with plenty of soap and water.Use only in well-ventilatedarea.Sodiumbicarbonate,NaHCO3Cause a serious eye irritation.Wear goggleIn case of eye contact, rinse cautiously with water of several minutes.In case of skin contact, wash off with soap and plenty of water.Sodiumsulfate,Na2SO4Can cause eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation. Wear chemical safety goggles, gloves and lab coat or PPE.Minimize the dust generation Use with an adequate ventilation.HydrochloricacidMay cause inflammation therespiratory tract.May cause skin irritation Wear PPE like gloves, goggle and face shield.Prevent this chemical from
3.Explain the following terms/concepts :a) ExtractionExtraction is a typical method for isolating a target compound in organic chemistry. A solution istransported from one phase to another in the extraction process to separate it from unreacted startingmaterials or contaminants. Extraction is also performed to make it easier to isolate a solute from areaction solvent that is difficult to evaporate, such as a high-boiling point solvent. Generally, three arethree types of extractions. First, in solid-liquid extraction, the solute is transferred from a solid phase to aliquid phase. In liquid-liquid extraction, a solute is transferred from one liquid to another. In acid-baseextraction, a solute is transformed into an ionic compound and transferred from an organic phase to anaqueous phase.b) DistillationDistillation is the process of boiling a liquid, then condensing and collecting the hot vapours thatfollow. Distillation is a strong procedure in organic chemistry, both for identifying and purifyingorganic molecules. One of the physical qualities used to identify a substance is its boiling point.Distillation is a technique for purifying a compound by separating it from a non-volatile substance.When different boiling points, the mixture is carefully distilled, they separate into independentcomponents.4.Why do we need to measure the melting point of a solid compound after purification?One approach to determine if a substance is pure is to determine its melting point. A pure substance typically has melting range of one or two degrees (the difference between the temperature at which the sample begins to melt and the temperature at which melting is complete). Because impurities tend to lower and lengthen the melting range,the purified sample should have a higher and narrower melting range than the impure original.
MODULE 3: RECRYSTALLIZATIONName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :1.Draw the flow chart of the experiment.
MODULE 3: RECRYSTALLIZATIONName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :2.Conduct a risk assessment for the chemicals involve in the experiment and list themin a table.
MODULE 3: RECRYSTALLIZATIONName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :3.Explain the following terms :b)Solutionc)Polarityd)Purificatione)Recrystallization4.Explain briefly how the purity of a chemical substance can be determined.
MODULE 4: IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS USING IRSPECTROSCOPY AND QUALITATIVE TESTSName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :1.What is infrared spectroscopy? What can be identified using infrared spectroscopy?2.Conduct a risk assessment for the chemicals involve in the experiment and list themin a table.3.List five (5) tests for functional group and give the positive observation.4.Physical properties of a compound are also important in the preliminary classification of compounds. Provide 3 examples of compound physical properties.
MODULE 5: CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ALKANES AND5CYCLOHEXANESName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :1.Define the following terms:a)conformationb)Newman projection2.Draw all possible conformations of compounds below. Determine the relativestability of all the conformers drawn.a)Ethaneb)propane
MODULE 6: STEREOCHEMISTRYName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :61.Briefly describe the following terms:a)stereoisomerb)enantiomerc)diastereomerd)meso compound2.When does a compound exhibit chirality?3.How many stereoisomers are possible for the following compounds?a.2,3-diamino-2,3-pentandiolb.3,4-dibromohexane
MODULE 7: NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION OF CARBONYL GROUPName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :71.Draw the flow chart of the experiment2.Conduct a risk assessment for the chemicals involve in the experiment and list themin a table.3.Draw the chemical structure of vanillin. Circle and name all the functional groups that are present in vanillin.2.Give the product obtained when vanillin is treated with the following reagent.i) Solution of acidic potassium permanganateii)CH3CH2MgBr3. Suggest other reducing agent that can be used to replace sodium borohydride
MODULE 8: NUCLEOPHILIC ACYL SUBSTITUTION OF CARBOXYLIC8ACIDSName :Demo :Matric :Lab:Date :1.Draw the flow chart of the experiment2.Conduct a risk assessment for the chemicals involve in the experiment and list themin a table.3.Name the type of reaction taking place in Fischer esterification.4.Explain the concepts/theory of reflux.5.Explain why boiling stone is used during distillation process.6.Predict whether an ester product would have a higher or lower boiling point than the starting carboxylic acid. Why?
MODULE 9: SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF ALKYL HALIDESName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :91.Draw the flow chart of the experiment2.Conduct a risk assessment for the chemicals involve in the experiment and list themin a table.3.Explain the concepts/theory in a substitution reaction.a)SN1b)SN24.Predict the reactivity of alkyl halides (primary, secondary and tertiary) in eachsubstitution reaction below. List them in the order of increasing reactivity.SN1 :SN2:5.Give other type of reaction that is common for alkyl halides.
MODULE 10: ELIMINATION REACTION OF ALCOHOLName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :101.What is an elimination reaction? Beside alcohol, name other functional group thatcan undergo elimination reaction to give alkene.2.Conduct a risk assessment for the chemicals involve in the experiment and list themin a table.3.Draw a flow chart of the experiment.4.Explain why addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to water must be done slowly.
MODULE 11: HYDRATION OF ALKENESName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :111.Draw the flow chart of the experiment2.Conduct a risk assessment for the chemicals involve in the experiment and listthem in a table.3.Explain the following terms and give examples :a)Electrophile and nucleophileb)Lewis acids and bases4.The principle reactions of alkenes are dominated by addition reactions, while inthe preparation of alkenes mostly are through elimination reactions. Prepare shortnotes on both reactions in term of main pathways and reaction mechanism.
MODULE 12: OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLName :Matric :Demo :Lab:Date :121.Draw the flow chart of the experiment2.Conduct a risk assessment for the chemicals involve in the experiment and list themin a table.3.Suggest other oxidizing agent that can be used to replace potassium permanganate.4.Suggest oxidizing agent that can be used to oxidized benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde.5.Why do you need to acidify (add concentrated hydrochloric acid) to the reactionmixture before crystallization?