Comprehensive Study Guide for A&P: Fluid Balance & Reproductive

School

Central Texas College**We aren't endorsed by this school

Course

BIOL 2402

Subject

Biology

Date

Dec 12, 2024

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Uploaded by MegaNeutron10089

1BIOL 2402 A&P-2UNIT 4 Lecture Exam Study GuideFluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance (Chapter 26)•Fluid compartments – ICF, ECF (Plasma and IF)•Fluid movement within compartments – Figure 26.3•Balance of water intake and output•Regulation of water intake and output – Figure 26.5•Influence of ADH – Figure 26.6•Role of Sodium (Na) in fluid and electrolyte balance•Aldosterone balance of Na balance – Figure 26.8•ANP release – Figure 26.9•Overall mechanisms of regulating Na and water balance – Figure 26.10•Regulation of Potassium balance – influence of aldosterone, regulatory sites•Regulation of Calcium –PTH•Importance of renal regulation for long-term control of acid-base balance?•Reabsorption of filtered HCO3-is coupled to H+secretion – Figure 26.12•Generation of new sources of HCO3-– Figures 26.13 and 26.14•Metabolic and respiratory acidosis/alkalosis – Table 26.3Reproductive system (Chapter 27)•Anatomy of male reproductive organs – Figures 27.1 and 27.2•Internal structure of testes, roles of seminiferous tubules, epididymis,sustenocytes, Leydig cells – Figure 27.3•Erectile tissues of the penis, duct networks – Figure 27.4•Functions of the seminal, prostate and bulbo-urethral glands?•Composition of semen•Mechanisms that control erection and ejaculation•Diploid versus haploid chromosome number?•Differences between mitosis and meiosis – table at the bottom of Figure 27.6•Importance of synapsis and cross-overs? When does it occur during meiosis?•Spermatogenesis – Figure 27.9•Spermiogenesis – Figure 27.10•Role of sustenocytes in spermatogenesis, blood testes barrier•Hormonal regulation (HPG axis) of testes – Figure 27.11•Anatomy of female reproductive organs – Figures 27.13 and 27.15•Follicle development inside ovaries – Figure 27.14•Layers of uterus wall, roles of stratum functionalis and basalis•Events of oogenesis – Figure 27.20•Ovarian cycle, events that occur during the follicular and luteal phases,ovulation, formation of corpus luteum – Figure 27.21•Events occurring during the uterine (menstrual) cycle•Hormonal regulation of ovarian cycle – Figure 27.22

2•HPG axis and control of ovarian hormones – Figure 27.23Pregnancy and fetal development (Chapter 28)•What is gestation period? Differences between zygote, embryo and fetus?•Acrosomal reaction, sperm penetration and block to polyspermy – Focusfigure 28.1•Cleavage events transforming from zygote to blastocyst – Figure 28.3•Roles of the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast during implantation,hCG hormone levels – Figures 28.4 and 28.5•Events of placentation – Figure 28.6•Maternal and fetal vascular relationships – Figure 28.7•What are the different extraembryonic structures and their roles?•Define gastrulation, importance of primitive streak and notochord,transformation of embryonic disc to 3 germ layers•Define organogenesis•Specialization of ectoderm – neurulation, neural fold, neural tube.•What structures are derived from the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm –Figure 28.12•Development of fetal circulation, shunts and their roles, modifications of fetalstructures after birth – Figure 28.13•Major developmental events during fetal period – Table 28.1•Metabolic and physiological changes during pregnancy (only refer to detailson ppt slides)•Hormonal induction of labor – Figure 28.16•Stages of labor – Figure 28.17•What is Apgar score?•Infant’s first breath and occlusion of fetal vessels and shunts•Milk production and let-down reflex – Figure 28.18Heredity and genetics (Chapter 29)•What are homologous chromosomes?•Number of autosomal pairs and number of sex chromosomes•What is a genotype versus phenotype?•Know the genotypes for males (XY) and females (XX)•What are alleles? Homozygous versus heterozygous•Crossover and genetic recombination – Figure 29.3•Dominant-recessive inheritance, probabilities and Punnett squares•Dominant and recessive traits – Table 29.1•What is incomplete dominance? Example: sickle cell anemia•What is multiple allele (codominant) inheritance? Blood types•What is sex-linked inheritance? Examples: color blindness, hemophilia•What is polygene inheritance? Example: skin color•Environmental override of gene expression – phenocopies•Fetal testing: amniocentesis and CVS – Figure 29.8