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Histopathology Insights: Fibroadenoma to Leiomyoma Explained

School
Bayero University Kano**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
BIOLOGICAL 1201 1
Subject
Nursing
Date
Dec 12, 2024
Pages
6
Uploaded by almanahz
Histopathology Practical: Micrograph Notes1. Fibroadenoma•Histological Features:Fibroadenomas are benign biphasic tumors com-posed of glandular epithelial and stromal components of the terminal ductlobular unit. They can exhibit intracanalicular and pericanalicular growthpatterns.•Types:– Simple fibroadenoma:Uniform stroma and ducts.– Complex fibroadenoma:Contains cysts, sclerosing adenosis, orepithelial calcifications.•Risk Factors:Young age (15–35 years), female gender, and high estrogenlevels.•Genes Involved:MED12 gene mutations are commonly associated withfibroadenomas.•Differential Diagnosis:–Phyllodes tumor–Sclerosing adenosis–Fibrocystic changes•Clinical Features:Painless, firm, mobile breast lump typically occurringin young women.2. Acute Appendicitis•Histological Features:Acute appendicitis is characterized by mucosalulceration, infiltration of neutrophils into the muscularis propria, and pos-sible serosal involvement with fibrinopurulent exudate.•Stages:– Early appendicitis:Inflammation limited to mucosa and submu-cosa.– Suppurative appendicitis:Transmural inflammation with pus inthe lumen.– Gangrenous appendicitis:Necrosis of the appendiceal wall.– Perforated appendicitis:Rupture with abscess or peritonitis for-mation.•Risk Factors:Low dietary fiber, luminal obstruction (e.g., fecalith, tu-mor, or lymphoid hyperplasia), and family history.1
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•Differential Diagnosis:–Mesenteric lymphadenitis–Crohn’s disease–Meckel’s diverticulitis•Clinical Features:Acute right lower quadrant abdominal pain, fever,nausea, and vomiting.3. Burkitt Lymphoma•Histological Features:Burkitt lymphoma exhibits a ”starry sky” pat-tern due to interspersed macrophages among densely packed malignantlymphoid cells.•Types:– Endemic type:Common in sub-Saharan Africa, strongly associatedwith EBV, and often involves the jaw or facial bones.– Sporadic type:Found worldwide, less commonly associated withEBV, primarily involves the abdomen.– Immunodeficiency-associated type:Occurs in patients with HIV/AIDSor other immunosuppressive conditions, can involve multiple sites.•Risk Factors:EBV infection, malaria (in endemic regions), immunosup-pression, and genetic predisposition (c-MYC mutation).•Genes Involved:c-MYC translocation (t(8;14)) is a hallmark of Burkittlymphoma.•Differential Diagnosis:–Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma–Lymphoblastic lymphoma–Acute lymphoblastic leukemia•Clinical Features:Rapidly growing mass, B symptoms (fever, nightsweats, weight loss), and organ involvement (e.g., abdomen or jaw).4. Nodular Goitre•Histological Features:Nodular goitre shows irregularly enlarged thy-roid follicles of varying sizes, colloid accumulation, and areas of fibrosis.•Stages:– Hyperplastic stage:Follicular hyperplasia without significant col-loid.2
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– Involutional stage:Follicles become dilated and filled with colloid.•Risk Factors:Iodine deficiency, female gender, advanced age, and familyhistory of thyroid disease.•Genes Involved:TSH receptor and GNAS mutations may be involved.•Differential Diagnosis:–Thyroid adenoma–Multinodular goitre–Thyroid carcinoma•Clinical Features:Painless, asymmetrical thyroid enlargement, with orwithout compressive symptoms.5. Leiomyoma•Histological Features:Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle tumorscomposed of spindle-shaped cells with cigar-shaped nuclei arranged in in-terlacing fascicles.•Types:– Intramural:Located within the myometrium.– Submucosal:Bulging into the uterine cavity.– Subserosal:Protruding toward the serosal surface.•Risk Factors:Nulliparity, African descent, obesity, and prolonged estro-gen exposure.•Genes Involved:MED12 mutations are frequently associated.•Differential Diagnosis:–Adenomyosis–Endometrial polyp–Uterine sarcoma•Clinical Features:Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and a palpable pelvicmass.3
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6. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)•Histological Features:Nodular hyperplasia of the stroma and epithelialcomponents, predominantly affecting the transitional zone of the prostate.•Risk Factors:Advanced age, male gender, androgens (DHT), obesity,and family history.•Genes Involved:Increased DHT activity and upregulation of androgenreceptor signaling.•Differential Diagnosis:–Prostatic carcinoma–Prostatitis–Bladder outlet obstruction•Clinical Features:Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as ur-gency, frequency, weak urinary stream, and nocturia.•Complications:Acute urinary retention, urinary tract infections, andbladder calculi.7. Tuberculous Lymphadenitis•Histological Features:Tuberculous lymphadenitis shows caseating gran-ulomas, Langhans giant cells, epithelioid macrophages, and areas of centralnecrosis.•Risk Factors:HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, overcrowding, and exposure toactive tuberculosis.•Genes Involved:Genes related to immune response, such as IL12RB1and IFNGR1, may predispose individuals to tuberculosis.•Differential Diagnosis:–Sarcoidosis–Cat-scratch disease–Hodgkin lymphoma•Clinical Features:Painless cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, night sweats,and weight loss.•Staining:Ziehl-Neelsen stain is used to detect acid-fast bacilli.4
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8. Schistosomiasis•Histological Features:Schistosomiasis shows granulomatous inflamma-tion around schistosome eggs, with eosinophilic infiltration and fibrosis inchronic cases.•Risk Factors:Freshwater exposure in endemic regions, poor sanitation,and lack of access to clean water.•Genes Involved:Genes affecting Th2 immune response may influencedisease severity.•Differential Diagnosis:–Liver cirrhosis (in hepatic involvement)–Chronic colitis (in intestinal involvement)•Clinical Features:Hematuria (urinary form), diarrhea, abdominal pain,hepatosplenomegaly, and portal hypertension in chronic cases.•Common Species:Schistosoma haematobium,Schistosoma mansoni,andSchistosoma japonicum.9. Onchocerciasis•Histological Features:Onchocerciasis shows dermal inflammation with•Histological Features:Onchocerciasis shows dermal inflammation witheosinophils, granulomas around the microfilariae, and fibrosis in the af-fected tissues. The presence of adult worms in nodules can be observedhistologically.•Risk Factors:Living in endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa, Centraland South America, exposure to blackfly bites.•Genes Involved:Genetic variations affecting immune response, includ-ing cytokine gene polymorphisms, may influence susceptibility.•Differential Diagnosis:–Leprosy–Filariasis–Lymphatic filariasis•Clinical Features:Skin nodules, pruritus, depigmentation, and in somecases, ocular involvement leading to blindness (river blindness).5
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10. Melanoma•Histological Features:Melanoma exhibits asymmetric, irregular-shapednests of melanocytes at the dermoepidermal junction, with atypical nu-clear features, and large, hyperchromatic cells. Tumors may invade deeperskin layers and metastasize.•Types:– Superficial spreading melanoma:Most common type, character-ized by horizontal growth before vertical invasion.– Nodular melanoma:Rapid vertical growth, often presenting as araised nodule.– Lentigo maligna melanoma:Occurs in sun-damaged skin, slow-growing.– Acral lentiginous melanoma:Occurs on palms, soles, and undernails, more common in darker skin types.•Risk Factors:Ultraviolet (UV) light exposure, fair skin, history of sun-burns, family history of melanoma, and genetic predisposition (e.g., mu-tations in the CDKN2A gene).•Genes Involved:–BRAF mutations (common in melanomas)–NRAS mutations–CDKN2A mutations (familial melanomas)•Differential Diagnosis:–Dysplastic nevus–Basal cell carcinoma–Squamous cell carcinoma•Clinical Features:Irregularly shaped, asymmetrical mole with unevenborders, multiple colors, and recent changes in size, shape, or color. Itch-ing, bleeding, or ulceration may also occur.•Staging:– Stage 0:Melanoma in situ (confined to the epidermis).– Stage I:Localized melanoma with no regional spread.– Stage II:Advanced local melanoma with potential ulceration orthicker lesions.– Stage III:Regional lymph node involvement.– Stage IV:Distant metastases.•Clinical Features:Irregular, changing pigmented lesion, often with ahistory of sun exposure.6
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