Key Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System Explained
School
University of Rio Grande**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
HEALTH 4312
Subject
Nursing
Date
Dec 12, 2024
Pages
4
Uploaded by nadinemcclary
Assignment Chapter 20 & 21Nadine R. McClaryUniversity of Rio Grande ValleyHPRS 4312-91L PathophysiologyLuzolo DiendaApril 21th, 2024
1.What are the most important diseases of the nervous system? (Page 397)Developmental and genetic diseasesDiseases caused by trauma.Circulatory disordersInfectious diseasesAutoimmune diseasesMetabolic and nutritional diseasesNeurodegenerative diseases of unknown etiologyBrain tumors2.What are the main dysraphic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS)?meningocele, myelomeningocele, and spina bifida (Page 399)3.What is the pathogenesis of “watershed infarcts” and laminar necrosis of the brain?Systemic hypotension lowers the perfusion from both sides, and the area in the border zone becomes hypoxic, resulting in the formation of the so-called watershed infarcts.Hypoperfusion also leads to laminar necrosis of the deeper zones of the gray matter. Because of hypotension, the blood entering the cortex does not reach the deep cortex, and necrosis ensues. (Page 401)4.What are the main pathologic findings following brain injury? head trauma is often accompanied by hematoma (Page 403)5.Compare muscle fibers with myofibrils and fast muscle fibers with slow fibers. 6.How are muscle diseases classified? (Page 383)
Neuromuscular Disorders, Muscular Dystrophy, Congenital Myopathy, Endocrineand Metabolic Myopathy, Paraneoplastic Myopathy, Autoimmune and Infectious Myositis, Mechanical Trauma, and Tumors. 7.What is Wallerian nerve degeneration?Transection of the larger and smaller peripheral nerves also can be repaired if the perikaryon of the nerve cell and the proximal part of the axon are preserved (Fig. 20.5). After transection, the part of the axon proximal to the site of injury undergoes retrograde degeneration together with its myelin sheath. This process, called Wallerian degeneration, will spread toward the nucleus of the nerve cell butwill stop at the first node of Ranvier proximal to the injury.8.What are the differences between Duchenne-type and Becker dystrophy? Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common muscular dystrophy. It is caused by deletions, frameshift, and point mutations of the dystrophin gene located on the X chromosome. (Page 386)Becker dystrophy, a mild form of Duchenne dystrophy, is 10 times less common than the classic form of the disease. It is related to mutations of the same gene, which, however, in Becker dystrophy, produce either smaller amounts of dystrophin or a smaller molecular variant of this protein. These two dystrophies do not occur in the same families. The symptoms of Becker dystrophy appear later in life and are generally milder. Nevertheless, the disease has a progressive course, and all patients die in their late forties or fifties. (Page 388)
References:Damjanov, I., Perry, A. M., & Perry, K. D. (2022). Pathology for the health professions. Elsevier.