Understanding Physiological Needs: Hunger, Thirst, and Well-Being
School
Iowa State University**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
PSYCH 314
Subject
Psychology
Date
Dec 12, 2024
Pages
19
Uploaded by ProfessorBookMule27
Chapter 4: Physiological NeedsWhat Are Physiological Needs?•Physiological needs.(hunger, safety, thirst etc..)oResponding to a deficit needs.oReactive.•Psychological needs.oSeeking out growth.oProactive.Benefits of Psychological Needs•Engagement.oFocused and diligent work.•Developmental growth.oMature, responsible, disciplined.•Health.oEngage in healthy lifestyle.•Psychological well-being.oHappy, energized, and satisfied with life purpose.1. What is a need?A need is a psychological or physiological requirement essential for well-being, such as food, water, or belonging.2. What is a deficiency need?A deficiency need arises from a lack of something essential, such as hunger or thirst, motivating behavior to restore balance.3. Why are physiological needs important?They are essential for survival and maintain the body’s basic functioning, such as breathing, hydration, and nutrition.4. What’s the difference between a need and a drive?A need is a biological or psychological requirement, while a drive is the internal tension or motivation to satisfy that need.5. What is homeostasis?Homeostasis is the body’s process of maintaining internal stability (e.g., temperature or hydration) despite external changes.6. What is a negative feedback loop?It’s a mechanism where the body reduces a behavior or process once the desired state (e.g., full hydration) is reached.7. What is alliesthesia, and how is it relevant to satisfying physiological needs?Alliesthesia is how the brain changes how pleasurable a stimulus feels based on the body’s needs (e.g., water feels more rewarding when thirsty).8. How did Mower (1976) demonstrate alliesthesia?Mower showed that cold water feels more pleasant when the body is overheated, illustrating how internal states affect sensory experiences.Motivation to Drink1. What are intracellular and extracellular fluid deprivation? Which one causes thirst?Intracellular deprivationoccurs when cells lack water, and it causes thirst. Extracellular deprivationinvolves fluid loss outside cells (e.g., bleeding).
2. How does the thalamus regulate your need for water?The thalamus monitors hydration levels and triggers thirst when there’s a water imbalance.3. If it takes 45 minutes for water to reach your cells, how does your body stop you from drinking too much water?The brain detects water intake through sensors in the mouth, throat, and stomach, reducing thirst before hydration is complete.4. Instead of drinking 8 glasses of water a day, what should you do to regulate your thirst?Drink based on thirst signals from your body instead of following fixed recommendations.5. So why do we drink?We drink to stay hydrated, regulate body temperature, and for social, emotional, or habitual reasons.Motivation to EatWhy is managing hunger more complicated than managing thirst?● Eating involves complex psychological, environmental, and hormonal factors beyond physiological need.What is the glucostatic hypothesis, and what hormones are involved in it?● It suggests hunger is regulated by blood glucose levels. Insulinand glucagonhelp maintain glucose balance.What is the lipostatic hypothesis, and what hormones are involved in it?● It posits that body fat regulates long-term hunger. Leptinsignals fat storage, and ghrelinstimulates hunger.What are CCK, ghrelin, and leptin, and how do they affect hunger?● CCK:Reduces hunger after meals.● Ghrelin:Increases hunger before meals.● Leptin:Signals fullness and suppresses appetite.So why do we eat?● We eat for energy, enjoyment, social reasons, stress relief, or habit.Environmental Influences on Eating1. What are the environmental influences on eating that we discussed in class?Availability of food, social cues, time of day, emotional states, advertisements, and cultural norms.2. Why are larger portion sizes contributing to obesity in the United States?Larger portions encourage overeating by distorting perceptions of normal food intake and promoting excess calorie consumption.3. What does it mean to "eat with your eyes"?People tend to judge how much to eat based on visual cues (like portion size) rather than actual hunger or fullness.4. What did Rolls et al. (2002) discover about portion sizes and eating?Participants ate more when served larger portions, showing that portion size directly influences consumption.
Restrained Eating1. What is restrained eating?A pattern where individuals restrict food intake to control weight but may alternate between periods of restriction and overeating.2. What is Set Point Theory?The body regulates weight around a biologically predetermined range, making weight loss difficult over time.3. Why is it so difficult to engage in restrained eating?Restriction leads to cravings, stress, and binge-eating, making it hard to maintain long-term dietary control.What is emotional eating?● Eating as a way to cope with emotions rather than hunger.What did Cools et al. (1992) discover about emotional eating and restrained eating?● Restrained eaters were more likely to eat in response to negative emotions, showing a link between emotional states and eating behaviors.How do we know that emotional eating is a learned behavior and not a normal response to emotions?● Emotional eating varies across cultures and individuals, suggesting it is learned through experience rather than being a natural human response.Sexual Motivation1. What is an ovulation cue, and why would it be an evolutionarily adaptive behavior?a. Ovulation cues are subtle physical or behavioral changes indicating fertility, which help attract mates for reproduction.2. What did Miller, Tybur, and Jordan (2007) discover about ovulation and attraction?a. Women earned higher tips during ovulation, suggesting men are unconsciously attracted to fertility signals.3. What did Miller and Manner (2009) find out about women's scent and testosterone levels?a. Men exposed to the scent of ovulating women had higher testosterone levels, indicating a biological response to fertility cues.Behavioral AddictionsHow do psychoactive drugs affect the brain?● They alter neurotransmitter activity, leading to changes in mood, perception, and behavior, often causing dependency.What is addiction?● A chronic condition characterized by compulsive behavior despite harmful consequences.What is behavioral addiction?● An addiction to activities like gambling, gaming, or shopping, where behavior becomes compulsive and hard to control.
How is behavioral addiction similar to substance addictions?● Both involve dopamine release, cravings, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms.How do we know that dopamine is involved in gambling addiction?● Studies show that gambling triggers dopamine release, reinforcing the behavior and making it hard to stop.Video Game Addictions1. What is video game addiction?A compulsive need to play video games, often interfering with daily life and responsibilities.2. How do we know that people who play video games frequently are not always addicted?Addiction is marked by impaired functioning and loss of control, which not all gamers experience.3. How do in-game rewards lead to video game addiction?Rewards activate the brain's pleasure system, reinforcing the habit and creating cravings to keep playing.4. What role do psychological needs play in video game addiction?Games fulfill needs like competence, autonomy, and relatedness, which can make them highly engaging.5. What role does emotion-focused coping play in video game addiction?People use gaming to escape negative emotions, reinforcing their dependence on the activity.Only in the Textbook1. How do men and women differently experience sexual desire?a. Men tend to experience spontaneous desire, while women often experience responsive desire triggered by intimacy or context.2. What are the factors other than sexual desire that encourage people to have sex?a. Emotional closeness, relationship maintenance, curiosity, and social expectations.3. What are sexual scripts, and how are they related to sexual behavior?a. Sexual scripts are culturally learned behaviors about how people should act in sexual situations, guiding behavior and expectations.4. According to evolutionary psychologists, how do mating strategies differ between men and women?a. Men prioritize fertility cues, while women seek partners with resources and commitment, reflecting reproductive investment differences.Chapter 5 Extrinsic Motivation1. What is extrinsic motivation?•Motivation that the environment, not the person, creates.•Environment communicates that specific behaviors will produce specific outcomes that are separate from the behavior.oMoney, praise, food, privileges.oTicket, criticism, lost privileges.•Causes a quasi-need.
2. What is a quasi-need, and how is it related to actual needs?•Similar to needs.oPowerful motive to act.oProduces tension to reduce.oOften produces urgency.•Dissimilar to needs.oSource is externaloUnrelated to genuine needs.oDisappears when satisfied.Operant ConditioningWhat is Thorndike's Law of Effect, and how did he demonstrate it in his puzzle boxes?Thorndike’s Law of Effect: Responses followed by a rewarding situation will be strengthened.Responses followed by an aversive situation will be weakened.•In other words, most animals are hedonistic, desiring pleasure more than pain.Puzzle Box:Thorndike used puzzle boxes to test his theory. He placed a hungry cat inside a wooden box with a latch mechanism. A bowl of food was placed outside the box, serving as motivation for the cat to escape.Trial and Error Learning: The cat initially tried several random actions to escape. Eventually, it accidentally triggered the latch mechanism and got out to eat the food.Behavior Reinforcement:With repeated trials, the cat gradually learned to perform the successful behavior (like pressing a lever or pulling a string) more quickly, reducing the random actions.What is operant conditioning?Bf Skinner is the father of operant conditioning—a type of learning in which one learns to associate a behavior with an outcome that is either desirable or undesirable.•It’s useful because we learn what behavioral choices will produce the best outcome for us.•Example: If I show up for work, I will get a paycheck.Understand and be able to identify: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.•Reinforcement and punishment are defined by whether they encourage or discourage behavoirs.oReinforcer= any event that makes the previous response more likely.oPunisher= any event that makes the previous response less likely.•There are multiple ways to reinforce or punish behavior.
oReinforce= experience something good OR remove something bad.oPunish= experience something bad OR remove something good.
How is an incentive different from a reinforcer/punisher?Incentive: •An expectation that behaviors will lead to certain consequence.•Anticipated external stimuli that motivate behavior to occur.oPositive incentives motivate approach behavior, i.e., behavior to attain the incentive.oNegative incentives motivate avoidance behavior, i.e., behavior to prevent the incentive from occurring.•Reinforcers and punishers.oActual consequences of behavior.oLearning based on experiences.•Incentives.oanticipate consequences of behavior.oOur memory of the reward/punishment.•Reinforcement and punishment teach us about incentives.Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation1. What is intrinsic motivation? What is extrinsic motivation?•Intrinsic: doing something because of enjoyment and interest, not external rewards or pressures.oHobbies; games that encourage discovery.oA healthy, strong motivator.•Extrinsic: doing something because of external reasons, not because of enjoyment or interest.oWork; games that feature rewards and achievements.oNot as genuinely satisfying2. What's it like to satisfy and intrinsic motivation?•Whatever you’re doing is fun and you genuinely enjoy doing it.•Reflects our natural tendency to seek activities that satisfy…oNeed to explore or curiosityodevelopment of interests and personal growth.•It’s the primary way we experience genuine happiness and satisfaction.3. Understand the benefits of intrinsic motivation: engagement, creativity, quality learning, improved well-being.
Hidden Costs of Extrinsic Rewards1. What did Lepper et al (1973) discover about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?•Children were asked to draw pictures for 6 minutes in a separate room.•There were three conditions.oExpected a reward (certificate).oWere given a surprise reward (certificate).oNo reward expected.•Over the next few days, the children were observed during play time using a one-way mirror. Did they freely choose to draw?•The rewarded group was least likely to draw.•This finding has been replicated with hundreds of different groups and situations.2. What did Ariely et al (2005) discover about intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?•Studied rewards and performance in rural India.•There were 87 participants.•Studied performance on skill-based tasks like…oTennis ball tossing.oUnscrambling anagrams.oDigit recall.•Three reward levels.oSmall (4 rupees, 1 day pay)oMedium (40 rupees, two weeks pay).oVery Large(400 rupees, five months pay).•Worst performance? Very largerewards.
3. Understand the costs of extrinsic rewards: reduced intrinsic interest, learning interference, less autonomous self-control, lower task performance (with the exception of simple tasks), less creativity, less positive behavior.(Reduced Intrinsic Interest)•People are less likely to pursue a task because of intrinsic interest.•External rewards can reduce intrinsic interest.(Learning Interference)•Students focus on the reward and not the act of learning.•Students tend to focus on factual information and not conceptual understanding.•Students are less likely to be engaged with the material and challenge themselves.(Less Autonomous Self Regulation)•People are less likely to take the initiative and regulate their behavior without rewards.•Gradually lose sense of autonomy.(Lower Task Performance)•Does the task require creative thought?•Extrinsically motivated people are…oLess engaged with the task.oLess creative.oMore focused on rewards.•Extrinsic incentives can decrease intrinsic interests.•Incentives can increase performance if the task doesn’t require creativity or careful thought.•In other words, you can do the job well but not find it fun or rewarding to do.(Less Creativity)•Creativity requires engagement and conceptual thinking and a playful attitude.•Making a task all about rewards can interfere with this process.(Less Positive Behaviour)•Less altruismoRewards make an act of giving feel less good.oTitmuss (1970) found that rewarding blood donors led to fewer donations.•More unethical behavior.oAcademic cheatingoCorporate misconductMotivating People Effectively1. What are some extrinsic rewards that are actually effective? (unexpected and verbal)•Unexpectedextrinsic rewards are effective motivators.oThe employee is not thinking about the reward while working.oTherefore, it’s less likely to Reduce intrinsic motivation.•Verbalextrinsic rewards are effective motivators.Telling someone they did a good job can be very rewarding.Tangible rewards can be distracting during future work.2. What is the theory of integrated regulation? What does it mean to internalize extrinsic motivation?•Cognitive Evaluation theory.oBased on self determination theory.oRewards that enhance competence and control can be effective.•Integrated regulation.
oNot all extrinsic motivation is the sameoA person have external motivation along with internal reasons.Internalizing Extrinsic Motivation: Extrinsically motivated behavior differs in how much a person values and identifies with it.People function more effectively if their extrinsic motivation is more self-determined.3. Understand each type of regulation: external, introjected, identified, and integrated?4. How can you encourage people to have identified and integrated regulation?
5. What are the best techniques for motivating people to perform uninteresting jobs? (less boring, good explanation)Less Boring:•Make the task less boring.oHelp set a goal for the task.oAdd interesting things (music, co-workers).•Again, helps build engagement with the task.Good Explanation: •Take the person’s perspective.•Explain why the task might be good for them and important.•How does this help?oPeople will work harder on the task and be more engaged.oPeople may start to internalize and integrate the task.Habits and Habit Change1. What are habits, and how powerful are they?•A habit is a cognitive process where learned cues prompt a behavior without purposeful thinking. Habits are automatic & non-conscious.•Habits are not behaviors or how frequently one engages in a behavior. Habits are how one engages in the behavior (i.e., automatically).2. Why should we study habits?•Habits are our default behavioral choices.•Neal, Wood, & Drolet (2013):oStudents were experiencing a drain in willpower due to exams.oWhat happened when they lost their willpower? Students engaged in their habitual behaviors (both good and bad).oThis only occurred for strong habits.•Habits play a significant role in health behavior.
•Phillips et al (2013).oType 2 diabetes patients were prescribed medication and exercise.oHabit predicted adherence better than beliefs about treatment.3. What are lower-order and higher-order habits? How do higher-order habits work?•A higher-order exercise habit is a different type of automatically from lower-order.oIt’s not unconscious or unintentional.oIt is non-deliberative and relatively easy.oIn other words, its something you easily do every day with little effort to start performing.•An instigation habit starts the sequence.oA cue starts the sequence of lower-order habits.oFor example, exercising every day at 5 pm.4. What are three habit myths?
The Habit Loop1. What is the habit loop?2. Where do habits come from?3. What are cues, routines, and rewards, and why are they important?
4. Why do we form habits?•Our brain conserves resources.•Habitual behavior requires no cognitive energy or willpower to perform. It just happens.•Habits allow us to have extra cognitive energy to think about more important things.•We would be miserable if we always had to think carefully about every choice we made.5. How can you change a bad habit?•You can’t eliminate a bad habit, but you can replace a bad one with a better one.•At a minimum, expect habit change to require at least two to three months of effort.•Habit change is difficult, but it will get easier as the routine becomes automatic.To change bad habit:•What is the trigger?oA location?oA specific time?oAn emotional state?oOther people?oAnother behavior?•The cue starts the habit, and you won’t understand your habit until you’ve identified it.•You perform a routine because there’s a reward that satisfies some sort of craving you have.•You’ll need to experiment with various other routines to see if they can satisfy the craving.How can you tell in advance if something will function as a reinforcer?● Test it by offering the stimulus after the behavior. If the behavior increases or persists, the stimulus is a reinforcer. Preferences and context are key, so it’s essential to identify what the individual values.Is punishment an effective strategy for influencing behavior? What are some better options?● Punishment can suppress behavior temporarily, but it often leads to fear, resentment, or avoidance. Better options include positive reinforcement(rewarding desired behaviors) and negative reinforcement(removing unpleasant stimuli when desired behavior occurs).Is competition a good way to motivate people? Why or why not?● It can motivate some individuals by fostering drive and ambition, but it may discourage others by increasing stress or creating toxic environments. Collaboration and intrinsic motivation strategies can often yield more sustainable results.What is a motivation? What defines it?● Amotivation is a lack of motivation or intent to act, often stemming from feeling incompetent, overwhelmed, or believing that actions won’t lead to desired outcomes. It is characterized by apathy and disengagement.
Chapter 6 Psychological NeedsPsychological Needs1. How are psychological needs different from physiological needs?•Physiological needs.(hunger, safety, thirst etc..)oResponding to a deficit needs.oReactive.•Psychological needs.oSeeking out growth.oProactive.2. What's it like to satisfy a psychological need?•You will feel interested in what you’re doing.•You will enjoy what you’re doing.•We are motivated to feel this. These feelings are the primary reason we interact with our environment.3. What are the benefits of taking care of your psychological needs?•Engagement.oFocused and diligent work.•Developmental growth.oMature, responsible, disciplined.•Health.oEngage in healthy lifestyle.•Psychological well-being.oHappy, energized, and satisfied with life purpose.Environment and Psychological Needs1. What role does the environment play in managing your psychological needs?•Put yourself in environments that will nurture your needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness.•This will lead to…oEngagement.oHealthy development.oOptimal life experiences.2. What are organismic needs?•Organisms depend on their environment to thrive (need food, safety).•Organisms can leave or change their environment if it isn’t satisfying their needs.•Organisms need to grow and develop new ways to interact with the environment.3. What is the person-environment dialectic, and why is it important?•People are not passive in how they interact with the environment.•Nature of interactions between the person and the environment is very active.•Transformational activity: there’s a constant process of each changing the other.Person-environment Dialect:•The environment either fulfills or frustrates the psychological needs of the individual.•This can change how the individual is motivated.•The individual then interacts with or changes the environment accordingly.•Go back to step 1.
Autonomy1. What is the need for autonomy?•The need to control how and when we act.•Our preferences influence if we choose to engage in an activity or not, not someone else’s.•State in which you feel in control and unpressured by other people.2. What is locus of control?•Where is the cause of your behaviour?•Ranges from…oInternal : you cause your actions.oExternal : environment causes your actions.•If your locus of control is internal, you are in charge.3. What is volition?•Do you really want to perform the behavior?•Ranges from…oWant to: I desire this.oHave to: I have to do this.•If you have volition, you want to do it.4. What is perceived choice?•Do you have flexibility in choosing to act or not.•Ranges from…oFree : completely my choice.oCoerced : not at all my choice.•If you have choice, you choose to do it.1. When are choices not helpful?○ No good options:When all available choices are undesirable or irrelevant.○ Too many options:When excessive choices lead to confusion, decision fatigue, or overwhelm.2. When are choices helpful?○ Informational:When choices provide meaningful insight or promote learning and personal growth.○ Not controlling:When individuals feel free to choose without pressure or coercion, enhancing autonomy and motivation.Autonomy
1. Why is it important to support someone's autonomy?○ It fosters intrinsic motivation, well-being, and self-direction by empowering individuals to act based on their values.2. How to support autonomy:○ Explain things: Help them understand choices and consequences.○ Figure out what's wrong: Identify obstacles to autonomous action.○ Be patient: Allow time for decision-making and exploration.○ Acknowledge unhappiness: Validate emotions to maintain trust and connection.Competence1. What is the need for competence?○ People have an innate desire to feel capable and effective in their actions.2. Why is good feedback important for feeling competent?○ It provides clarity, motivates improvement, and reinforces skill development.3. What is flow? When do people experience flow?○ Flow is a state of deep focus and enjoyment when skills match the challenge. It occurs during tasks with clear goals and manageable difficulty.4. What should you do if your skills are up to a challenge?○ Fully engage in the task to maximize flow and improve performance.5. What implications does flow have for work and leisure?○ Flow enhances satisfaction, productivity, and well-being in both areas.6. Why is flow rewarding?○ It provides intrinsic enjoyment and a sense of mastery.7. How does flow influence learning and skill development?○ It promotes focused practice and encourages continuous improvement.Supporting Competence1. Why is it important to support someone's competence?○ It builds confidence, promotes growth, and motivates engagement.2. How to support competence:○ Support flow: Provide challenging yet achievable tasks.○ Give good feedback: Offer constructive, actionable feedback.○ Tolerate failure: View mistakes as opportunities for learning.Relatedness1. What is the need for relatedness, and what do we need to satisfy it?○ It is the need to feel connected, cared for, and part of a community, satisfied through meaningful relationships.2. What are exchange and communal relationships, and which best supports relatedness?○ Exchange relationships involve tracking benefits; communal relationships are based on care without expectation. Communal relationships better support relatedness.3. What are the benefits of satisfying the need for relatedness?○ Increased well-being, reduced stress, and greater emotional support.Supporting Relatedness1. Why is it important to support someone's relatedness?
○ It fosters belonging, emotional security, and overall well-being.2. How would you describe the most effective way to listen to someone?○ Listen actively, with empathy, without judgment or interruption.3. What are the two types of social support?○ Emotional support: Offering empathy and understanding.○ Instrumental support: Providing tangible help or resources.4. What is invisible support, and why is it useful?○ It is help provided subtly without drawing attention, preventing feelings of dependency or incompetence.Further Examining the American Dream1. How did Kasser and Ryan (1996) conduct their study?○ They used surveys to assess participants' goals and well-being, focusing on the relationship between extrinsic goals (e.g., wealth, fame) and intrinsic goals (e.g., relationships, personal growth).2. What were the major results of Kasser and Ryan (1996)?○ People with extrinsic goalshad lower well-being and greater anxiety, depression, and dissatisfaction than those with intrinsic goals.3. Why are people with extrinsic goals less happy?○ Extrinsic goals lead to stress, social comparison, and unmet psychological needs (like autonomy and relatedness), making it harder to achieve true satisfaction.Living in the Moment1. Why does how you use your time matter so much?○ Time is finite, and how it is spent determines well-being, personal growth, and life satisfaction. Meaningful use of time promotes happiness.2. What is the problem with how Americans choose to use their leisure time?○ Many Americans engage in passive activities (e.g., binge-watching TV) instead of active or fulfilling pursuits, which may lead to boredom and decreased well-being.1. What is mindfulness? What happens when you’re mindful?○ Mindfulness is the practice of being fully present and aware of the moment without judgment. It improves focus and reduces stress.2. What are the benefits of mindfulness? Why would it help you achieve goals and deal with stress?○ Mindfulness improves emotional regulation, reduces anxiety, and enhances decision-making. It promotes clarity and persistence in achieving goals and helps manage stress effectively.Flow1. What is flow, and what does it feel like?○ Flow is a state of complete immersion and focus, where time seems to pass quickly. It feels both challenging and rewarding.2. How can flow increase positive emotions?○ Engaging deeply in an activity promotes feelings of mastery, achievement, and satisfaction, which boost positive emotions.3. How can you find flow in your life?○ Choose activities that match your skill level, set clear goals, and remove distractions. Engage in tasks that align with personal interests and values.Why Being in the Moment Matters
1. Why does flow require mindfulness?○ Flow demands full attention to the present moment without distraction or self-consciousness.2. What are the benefits of living in the moment?○ It reduces stress, enhances focus, and increases life satisfaction by fostering gratitude and presence.3. Why is it not easy to be in the moment?○ Distractions, worries, and multitasking pull attention away, making it difficult to stay present.1. What is engagement, and how is it related to satisfying psychological needs?○ Engagement is deep involvement in an activity. It supports autonomy, competence, and relatedness by immersing individuals in meaningful experiences.2. What is vitality?○ Vitality refers to a sense of energy and aliveness, often associated with well-being and physical or mental health.Higher-Level Thinking1. Why is it difficult for people who engage in restrained eating (dieting) to lose weight?○ Restrictive mindset:Leads to cravings and binge-eating cycles.○ Metabolic adaptation:The body reduces energy expenditure when intake is restricted.○ Psychological stress:Dieting increases cortisol, which promotes fat storage and emotional eating.2. What can an employer do to motivate employees if the jobs aren’t intrinsically rewarding?○ Provide incentives:Bonuses or rewards for good performance motivate extrinsically.○ Create a positive work environment:Social support and teamwork increase job satisfaction.○ Offer growth opportunities:Training and promotions make work more meaningful by adding a sense of progress.3. Why is intrinsic motivation superior to extrinsic motivation?○ Long-term engagement:Intrinsic motivation sustains interest without external rewards.○ Higher creativity:People perform better when motivated by passion and curiosity.○ Greater well-being:Intrinsic goals fulfill psychological needs, promoting happiness.4. What can an employer do to support employees' autonomy needs?○ Offer flexible schedules:Let employees choose when and how they work.○ Encourage participation:Involve employees in decision-making processes.○ Avoid micromanagement:Give employees space to solve problems their way.5. What can an employer do to support employees' competence needs?○ Set achievable challenges:Assign tasks that push skills without overwhelming.○ Provide feedback:Give specific, actionable feedback to encourage improvement.○ Tolerate mistakes:View errors as part of learning, fostering resilience and confidence.