Understanding Cell Signaling: Key Processes and Diseases
School
James Madison University**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
BIO 140
Subject
Biology
Date
Dec 12, 2024
Pages
2
Uploaded by DoctorPony4910
Cell SignalingWhy should we care?-Malfunctions in cell signaling lead to disease-Diabetes (insulin signaling)-Erectile dysfunction (NO signaling)-CancerSteps of cell signalingReception -> transduction -> response -> terminationReception: signal that binds to a receptor-Signal: chemical messenger, first messenger, hormone, or ligand-Hydrophilic, large, charged (can’t get across cell membranes)-Receptor always located on membrane-Hydrophobic, not polar, not charged (can get across)-receptors inside of cell-Can get across: insulin-Can’t: Nitric oxide (NO) (nonpolar gas)-Autocrine: release from cell but binds to the same cell-Intracrine: stays inside of cell and binds to receptor inside of the cell-Paracrine: short distance, diffuses to other cell that is close-Endocrine: uses blood stream to move hormonesReception-Ligand binding to the receptor-Lets ions into the cell-Often changes the conformation (shape) of the receptor-Activates the kinase activity within the receptor itself or-Activates enzyme associated with the receptorTransduction-Receptor tyrosine kinase--Dimerizes-Activates its kinase activity-Phosphorylates itself upon ligand binding-Receptor tyrosine kinaseMAP Kinase Cascade-First kinase phosphorylates and activates second kinase-Second kinase phosphorylates and activates third kinase-Third kinase phosphorylates the transcription factorSecond Messengers-Ex: Ca2+, DAG, IP3, cAMP, cGMP (Memorize to know its a second messenger)
-Quick amplification of the signal-Phospholipase-Enzyme that cleaves phospholipids-Creates the second messengers DAG and IP3-IP3 causes release of stored calciumResponse-Fast-SlowMillisecondsHoursProteins already made-Proteins need to be made:Just need to modify activitygene expression and translation-Need TFShort term responseLong term responseDiabetes Mellitus-Metabolic disease involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels resulting fromdefective insulin serotonin and action-Type 1 vs Type 2-Type 2 way more complicated-Detection-Measure urine glucose-Measure fasted blood glucose-Glucose tolerance test-Measure hemoglobin glycation in RBCs with A1c test