Technological Advancements in Automotives and Environmental
School
Batangas State University**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
NSTP 121CW
Subject
Mechanical Engineering
Date
Dec 12, 2024
Pages
5
Uploaded by Gabglub
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVES: A CASE STUDYSubmitted by:TORREVERDE, ZEDRIC GABRIEL G.ME - 4101Submitted to:ENGR. BAN ALAN DE GUZMANInstructorOCTOBER 2023
INTRODUCTIONVehicles have played an important role in human history, serving as a meansof easy transportation that delivers. From horse drawn carriages to gasoline powered vehicles, new technologies to make vehicles more efficient to have longer mileages as well as other alternative sources of energies are developed. However, one unavoidable problem with vehicles is its impact to the environment; one way or another, vehicles convert chemical energy to mechanical energy. Carbon emissions or other kind of pollution to the environment may be done during the use of vehicles, their production, or the acquisition of their fuel. Hence, this case study delves in the environmental impact of technological advancements, specifically within automotive vehicles, from a historical perspective.BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYAccording to the New World Encyclopedia, the carburetor was invented in 1885 by Karl Benz and was used by Frederick William Lanchester and his brother for a two-cylinder engine that completed a thousand mile tour in 1900. From then on and onwards, carburetors became common in gasoline fueled engines as it was simple, required few parts and was easy to produce however, the problem with carburetors was the lack of the ability to accurately control the fuel and air mixture. Now, for a vehicle’s engine to create ignition, two things are needed, fuel and air; the mixture is typically balanced so that neither air nor fuel is excess.If air is in the mixture is excess, it will cause a lean mixture which could damage the engine but if fuel is excess, it could create carbon monoxide, a harmful substance to living organisms as it binds to hemoglobin in the blood. Thisis obvious in vehicles such as jeepneys which release large clouds of black smoke especially when suddenly accelerating from rest to in motion due to the poor control of mixture which feeds too much fuel into the engine. However, the main problem with carburetor engines and was then fixed with the introduction of fuel injection systems.
In the mid 20thcentury, engines saw the use of fuel injection especially in aircraft such as the Pratt and Whitney R-1340 Wasp radial engine. According to Terry Welshans, Bosch developed the fuel injection pump for its diesel engines in1936 and also for its automotive gasoline fuel injection engines in 1954. Up to thecurrent era, fuel injection systems see a wide application in vehicles. Unlike their carburetor counterparts, fuel injection engines are able to accurately control the mixture of fuel and air which is why even old vehicles using this system emit less smoke and clog less often compared to their carburetor counterparts. STAREMENT OF THE PROBLEMAlthough the problem with carbon monoxide emissions is minimized due to the application of fuel injection systems which accurately controls mixture, the problem of carbon emission remains as carbon dioxide is a product of fuel combustion. Other alternatives were introduced such as hybrid vehicles like the Toyota Prius in 1997, are in play which helps in minimizing the impact of gasolineengines to the environment. They make use of an electric motor which can powerthe vehicle and can charge using the rotation of the engine or the axle of the vehicle during motion. But then again, the problem persists. Vehicles have carbon footprints and since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, it contributes to the problem of global warming whereas greenhouse gasses traps heat in the earth’s atmosphere which causes the temperature on earth to rise over time.Since vehicles are again, essential to the modern human society, they cannotbe instantly removed due to the lack of promising alternatives. Sure, electric cars exist, but the buying price of said vehicles is much higher than gasoline fueled vehicles. As such, controlling the usage of gasoline fueled vehicles can help mitigate their impact towards the environment. In the Philippines, the RA 8749, an act for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purpose, the law aims in recognizing that a clean and healthy environment is the good for all and should be the concern for all, according to Article 1 Section 2 of RA 8749, onthe Declaration of Policies. As such, with this law, it also recognizes the
responsibility of the people and local government units in dealing with environmental problems. According to Article 4, Section 21, the DOTC and the DTI department shall establish procedures for inspection of motor vehicles and testing of their emissions. In the modern times, the prerequisite requirement for the registration of vehicles is the certification that the vehicle in question passed the emission testing.Referring to the DENR Administrative order No. 2015-04, the order sets an average of CO emission of 2 grams per kilometer for gasoline fed passenger andlight vehicles. If the vehicle in question passes the test, a Certificate of Emission Compliance for Passed Testing is given which allows the vehicle to renew a registration those who fail however are issued a Certificate of Emission Compliance. If motorists do not comply and ensure that their vehicle does not abide with the regulations set by the exhaust emission limits, they cannot registertheir vehicles and thus, may be penalized if caught without registration which is stated according to Article 1 Section 13, on the Emission charge system, in case of motor vehicle dischargers, the DOTC shall, based on environmental techniques, design, impose on and collect regular emission fees from said dischargers. As also explained in this section, the system shall encourage the industries and motor vehicles to abate, reduce, or prevent pollution.PROPOSED SOLUTIONS1. Strict Implementation and Monitoring2. CarpoolingCONCLUSIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCESAir Quality Management Section. (n.d.). DENR requires cleaner fuel, sets new emissions standards. https://air.emb.gov.ph/denr-requires-cleaner-fuel-sets-new-emissions-standards/ Cruz, C. A. (2019, May 17). Everything you need to know about vehicle emission testing in the Philippines. Carmudi. https://www.carmudi.com.ph/journal/everything-you-need-to-know-about-vehicle-emissions-testing-in-the-philippines/ New World Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Carburetor. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Carburetor LAWPHiL. (n.d.). Republic Act No. 8749. R.A. 8749. https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1999/ra_8749_1999.html Welshans, T. (2013, August). A Brief History of Aircraft Carburetors and Fuel. Engine History. http://www.enginehistory.org/Accessories/HxFuelSys/FuelSysHx10.shtml#MI