Understanding Solid Neoplasms: Types, Symptoms, and Treatments
School
Central Philippine University - Jaro, Iloilo City**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
BSN 3
Subject
Nursing
Date
Dec 12, 2024
Pages
2
Uploaded by GeneralCrabPerson1102
B. SOLID NEOPLASMSb.1 CANCERS OF THE HEAD AND NECKMALIGNANT BRAIN TUMORS– is a localized intracranial lesions that occupies space with in the skull. Commonly occurring malignant tumors: including Gliomas, Meningiomas, and Schwannomas.ASSESSMENT FINDINGS– Increased ICP symptoms (vary with the type of tumor, its location and degreeof invasion) such as Headache; Vomiting; Seizures; Hemiplegia; Mental changes.TREATMENT– Surgery (Craniotomy); Radiotherapy; Chemotherapy; Decompression of an increased ICP.LARYNGEAL CANCER– A squamuos cell carcinoma – is the most common form of laryngeal cancer.FORMS:= Intrinsic Tumor – occurs on the true vocal cords and does not spread because the underlying connective tissue lack lymph nodes.= Extrinsic Tumor – occurs on another part of the larynx and tends to spread early.ASSESSMENT FINDINGS– Hoarseness (Earliest symptom), lasting longer than 2 weeks (Intrinsic Tumor); voice change; hemoptysis; Lump in the throat/neck (Extrinsic tumor); Burning in the throat or pain when drinking citrus juices or hot liquids (Extrinsic tumor)= Signs of metastasissuch as Dyspnea, Dysphagia, Cough, Enlarged cervical lymph nodes; Pain radiatingto the ear; Weight loss and general debility.TREATMENT– Surgery (Laryngectomy); Radiotherapy; Preserving speech; Supportive care.IMMEDIATE POST-OP MONITORING – for symptoms of bleeding and respiratory distress.= Elevate the head of the bed 30 degrees= Support the patient’s neck, head and back for 24-48 hours= Auscultate the lungs to detect any pulmonary congestion= Check incision site hourly for bleeding or signs of hematoma formation and perform tracheostomy or laryngectomy tube care.CANCER OF THE BONEBONE TUMOR– may originate from Osseous or Non-osseous tissues; a primary malignant bone tumors constitute less than 1% of all malignant tumors most bone tumors are secondary caused by seeding from a primary site.Osseous tumors– Arise from the bone structure itself, which make up 60% of all malignant bone tumors.Non-osseous tumors– Arise from the hematopoietic, vascular and neural tissues.Common Types: Osteogenic Sarcoma and Ewing’s SarcomaThe Most Commonly Affected Bone sites– Femur, Pelvis, Ribs and Vertebrae.ASSESSMENT FINDINGS– Bone pain (occurs intensely at night); Mass or tumor which may be tender or swollen & weakens the bone structurePathologic fractures (acetabulum & proximal femur);Cachexia;Fever and impaired mobility; Elevated serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, calcium and ESR.TREATMENT:= Radiation= Chemotherapy and Biotherapy- Osteosarcoma (OS) – surgical resection with preop and postop Chemotherapy is the standard of care.- Ewing’s sarcoma – Chemotherapy is the mainstay therapy.= Surgery (Limb amputation)
CANCER OF THE SKIN– The most frequently occurring of all neoplasm, at the same time, the easiest of all cancers to treat.MOST COMMON FORMS:1) Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) – the most frequent form of skin cancer, the lesion develop in skin areas having long-term sun exposure such as the head and neck, forearms and hands.2) Squamous Cell Carcinoma(SCC)– arise from the keratinizing cells of the epidermis, the most common sites are the sun-exposed areas of the skin, especially the molar region, lips and dorsum of the hands, are frequently found in old burn scars on sinus tracts, areas of radiation dermatitis, the skin spaces having a history of chronic inflammatory processes.3) Malignant Melanoma– the least common form of primary skin cancer accounting for less than 2% of all cancers; however, the most dangerous because of its high propensity to metastasize and it resist treatment.ASSESSMENT FINDINGS:There are a variety of different skin cancer symptoms. These include crabs or changes in the skinthat do not heal, ulcersin the skin, discoloration, and changes in existing moles.Basal cell carcinomausually looks like a raised, smooth, pearly bump on the sun-exposed skin of the head, neck or shoulders. Sometimes small blood vessels can be seen within the tumor. Crusting and bleeding in the center of the tumor frequently develops. It is often mistaken for a sore that does not heal. Squamous cell carcinomais commonly a red, scaling, thickened patch on sun-exposed skin. Ulceration and bleeding may occur. When SCC is not treated, it may develop into a large mass.SCC of the skin tends to arise from pre-malignant lesions, actinic keratoses; surface is usually scaly and often ulcerates.Most melanomasare brown to black looking lesions. Signs that might indicate a malignant melanoma include change in size, shape, color or elevation of a mole. The appearance of a new mole during adulthood, or new pain, itching, ulceration or bleeding of an existing mole should be checked.DANGER SIGNALS SUGGESTIVE OF MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF MOLES:= Change in color= Change in diameter= Change in outline= Change in surface characteristics= Change in consistency= Change in symptoms= Change in shape= Change in surrounding skinTREATMENT– Curettage and Electrodessication for small lesions; Chemotherapy; Surgical Excision; Irradiation; Mohs MicrosurgeryC. CANCER OF THE URINARY SYSTEMBLADDER CANCER – Is the most common urinary tract neoplasm – tumors can develop on the surface ofthe bladder wall as benign or malignant papillomas; or grow within the bladder wall that quickly invades underlying muscle.= Advanced casesmay present symptoms of rectal obstruction; pelvic pain; lower extremity involvement indicate Metastasis.•TREATMENT:= Surgery (Ranges from Local Resection and Fulguration to Total Cystectomy)= Radiation= Chemotherapy