Effective Needs Assessment for Fisherfolk in Coastal Communities
School
Camarines Norte State College**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
CBPA PA
Subject
Geography
Date
Dec 11, 2024
Pages
84
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Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONNeeds assessment is a systematic process of examining a population or community toassess the state of current resources such as knowledge, skills, interests and practices that arerelevant to the focus of the needs assessment, e.g. a concern or project. Conducting needsassessment for the fisherfolk in Barangay Sabang, Camarines Norte is a crucial step towardsformulating effective and targeted policy recommendations. Fisherfolk are essential to the localeconomy since they supply essential food resources and support a large number of families. Theyfrequently encounter a variety of challenges, including restricted access to resources, poorinfrastructure, and environmental problems that affect their well-being and productivity.Identifying the needs of a local community helps in effective project implementation andultimately leads to a more sustainable extension program for the community. Identifying theneeds of the local community is a part of community development as it is the initial spark forimproving community life. Green et al. (n.d.) believe that community development needs aneffective review to enhance the host community's ability to improve quality of life. In addition,Santili et al., recommend community-based efforts and workforce development for the future,which are important to respond to the increasing demand for community needs assessments. Fisherfolk are people who depend on fishing for a living. It encompasses women whofish as a means of subsistence as well as fishermen. These people are essential to the localeconomy and sustainable resource management of coastal communities.According to (Doyle, 2013) Policy recommendation is basically written policy advicecreated for a decision-making body. Policy suggestions would particularly address the
challenges, opportunities, and needs pertaining to fishermen's livelihoods, fishing methods, andwell-being within the framework of the needs assessment of fishermen. These suggestions areintended to serve as a roadmap for decision-makers (such as public servants, local councils, orother pertinent organizations) as they design sensible policies that promote the sustainablegrowth of coastal communities and cater to the unique requirements of fishermen.The Department of Fisheries (DoF) is working for the extension, management offishing, project implementation, training, and human resource development; enforcement oflaws and regulations; conservation, quality control, registration and certification, and fishinglicenses. They are also working on awareness building, motivation, andpolicy administration (M.A. Rahman et al., 2018; Shamsuzzaman et al., 2017). According to (FAO, 2020), the world recognizes Philippine fisheries as one of the mostimportant producing countries. In 2018, the Philippines contributed 1.89 million tons (2% ofmarine catch production) to global fish production, ranking 13th in the world. Just like Philippineseaweed, which is the fourth largest producer in the world. In the Philippines, the fishing area encompasses a significant portion of the country, with301,000 km² designated for fishing purposes (Salvador & Lamarka, 2017). The fisheries sectorplays a vital role in the Philippine economy, providing employment, and income, and meetinglocal food security and nutrition needs (Samonte & Ramenzoni, 2016). Fishing is one of the country's most important sectors. Most fishermen work in capturefisheries, while others are involved in aquaculture, retail, food collection and processing. About12 million people in the country are directly or indirectly involved in fishing and other ancillaryactivities (DoF, 2013). The BFAR (2020) report indicates that the contribution of the fisheries
sector to the country's gross domestic product is 1.52% at current or constant prices. In 2021,each Filipino consumed an average of 34.28 kg/year of fish and fishery products, including 23.34kg of fresh fish, 2.86 kg of dried fish, 3.89 kg of processed fish, 2.88 kg of crustaceans andmollusks, and 1.31 kg of other products (SEAFDEC - Southeast Asian Fisheries DevelopmentCenter, 2022). In 2021, Filipinos consumed an average of 34.28 kg of fish and fishery productsannually, which were divided into fresh fish (23.34 kg), dried fish (2.86 kg), processed fish (3.89kg), crustaceans and mollusks (2.88 kg), and other products (1.31 kg), according to the BFAR(2020), which states that the fisheries sector accounts for 1.52% of the Philippines' GDP(SEAFDEC, 2022). That is why fisherfolk are more than just seafood providers; they are alsorepresentatives of our oceans, playing an important role in maintaining the balance of nature.Their perseverance in the face of hardship needs to be recognized and supported.Fishing is the traditional source of income for the coastal population, and has been forthousands of years. Even though the country's fish production is showing an increasing growthtrend. This trend has not been reflected in the economic development of fishermen over time.Fishermen are constantly exposed to various threats. Fish migration and climate change fishing isbecoming a seasonal activity as fishing methods change. As a result, fishermen's incomesfluctuate greatly. The vulnerability situation worsens when resources are depleted (Kumar, et al.,2017). Fishing has always been integral to the life of rural communities in the Philippines, wherefisherfolk also serve as important contributors to local economies, food systems, and coastalcommunities’ welfare. Unfortunately, even with the vital role they play in the fisheries sector,their lives are often poverty-stricken, climate-insecure, and resource-challenged. Given theserealities, as well as environmental troubles and poor service provision, it becomes clear that we
must do more to explore and satisfy the demands of fisherfolk. Any intervention to this endwould require conducting a needs assessment that is, an organized system for collectinginformation about the needs of any particular group and analyzing that information to find waysof meeting those needs.The Bicol River is bounded on the northeast by the Bicol Cordillera, which consists of achain of volcanic mountains including Mount Iriga, Mount Malinao, Mount Masaraga andMount Mayon. Socioeconomic status refers to information on a variety of aspects of acommunity, such as demography, income, living cost, boat transport, fishing gear, marketinginfrastructure etc. and provides information for understanding of social, cultural and economicconditions of people, households and community. The livelihoods of some families inhabitingthe villages of the zone are dependent on fish resources of the river. In the Bicol River, fishing isa way of life (Biag & Alberto, 2021), that's why it is important to enhance their livelihood. Sabang is a barangay in the municipality of Vinzons, in the province of Camarines Norte.According to PhilAtlas, the population was reported at 3,618 in the 2020 census. Fish and fisheryproducts play an important socio-economic role as a source of income and employment inBarangay Sabang, Vinzons Camarines Norte. Like many others, this community depends heavilyon its proximity to the sea. As they engage in fishing and other similar activities, the tides have asignificant impact on the way of life of the locals. The foundation of Barangay Sabang'seconomy is fishing, which sustains both the overall socio-economic health and livelihood of thecommunity. Moreover, both activities are highly risky in the context of climate change as theyare vulnerable to environmental changes that threaten the socio-economic sustainability of thefishing communities who depend on fish for their food security and income generation.
Climate change has a profound impact on fisheries in coastal areas such as BarangaySabang, Vinzons, Camarines Norte. Coastal communities that depend on fishing for food andincome are particularly vulnerable. The impact of climate change on the marine environment willcontinue to affect fisheries, especially in areas prone to such phenomena (Mendenhall et al.,2020). The biggest challenge for the fisheries sector in the Philippines is always the sustainabilityof fisheries. If not properly addressed, poverty will remain a serious problem, more conflictsover resource utilization will arise, and there will be a potential loss of fisheries production. Inthis scenario, a simple change in the process can affect the lives of a number of people whodepend on fishing for their livelihoods. However, if these changes have a positive impact, it isbeneficial for all involved. Fisherfolks respond to economic benefits and are flexible when itcomes to changing jobs or working another job to earn the wage difference. According toPalanca and Bongat (2021), there are more challenges than the economic difficulties of theirtrade. They encounter complex problems due to environment issues and the effect of the non-renewable sources of energy as well as global warming. This study illustrates how fisherfolk,who are essential in ensuring food sufficiency and contributing to the local economies, remain ahighly marginalized group in the Philippines. They are often relegated to poverty, lacking theability to withstand external stresses, and the means, if any, to cope with changing circumstances.The results of this study raise the need for focused research and action as regards the situation offisherfolk, to inform the policy making process and address the needs of this particular groupeffectively.Through this process, to pave the way for sustainable development that ensures the needsof the community are met while maintaining the delicate balance of the coastal ecosystem. In thefollowing chapters we will look at the individual aspects of this assessment, highlighting the
circumstances of the fisherfolk and suggesting practical measures to improve their livingstandards. Importance of the StudyThis study aims to provide an assessment of the fisherfolks in Barangay Sabang, Vinzons,Camarines Norte: Basis for Livelihood support and Policy recommendations, and create benefitsfor the following: Fisherfolk of Barangay Sabang. The sustainable lives of fisherfolk will benefit from thisresearch. They are the ones who go fishing, either for trade or to provide for their families. Theyare indispensable because they provide livelihood to the people in the coastal areas. Barangay Officials. This study can help barangay officials improve the job opportunitiesof fishers in Barangay Sabang, Vinzons, Camarines Norte by studying their main needs and thechallenges they face in fishing. This can be beneficial to the barangay officials as the barangaywill support the development of the fishers and most importantly their community. Local Government Unit (LGU). Using this study the LGU’s can create a program andpolicies to improve the fisherfolk's livelihoods, such as providing a better access to fishingequipment, offering a training on having sustainable fishing practices, and to implement a way inboosting the fisherfolk’s market sales. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). This study can help the Bureau ofFisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) by providing detailed data that can be used in their
resource management strategies and to restore or regulatory adjustment in supporting the fishingcommunities and protecting marine biodiversity. Department of Agriculture (DA). Through this study the Department of Agriculture (DA)can support the agriculture and fisheries sectors, such as livelihood programs, improve supplychain management, and enhance the food strategies and have a sustainable economy. Department of Environment, and Natural Resources (DENR). This study can help theDepartment of Environment, and Natural Resources (DENR) by performing eco-globalevaluations, offering technical assistance, and mobilizing the community to achieve sustainablepolicy strategies.Academe. Using this study the academe can make an effective execution of policies, sheor he will be responsible for performing research, rendering analytical support, and mobilizingthe community.Researchers, themselves. As a student of Public Administration, this research will serveto learn more about how to help the fishers in Barangay Sabang, Vinzons, Camarines Norte.Hence, it will serve as a guide for the researcher to know how to help the fisherfolk of BarangaySabang, Vinzons, Camarines Norte in the future. Future Researchers. This research can serve as a useful tool for future researchers whowant to gather ideas and information relevant to their own studies. This will also enhance theirknowledge on the assessment of fishers in Barangay Sabang, Vinzons, Camarines Norte. Objectives of the Study This study determined the needs of fisherfolks in Barangay Sabang, Vinzons Camarines Norte.
Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: 1.What are the respondents socio economic profile in terms of: 1.1age; 1.2gender; 1.3civil status; 1.4educational attainment; 1.5registration (FishR/BoatR); 1.6membership in organizations; 1.7sources of icome (primary /secondary); 1.8monthly income; 1.9assets acquired from fishing; and 1.10 household size?2.What are the respondents fishing profile in terms of: 2.1years of fishing experience; 2.2types of fishing gear used; 2.3existing fishing equipment;
2.4commonly caught species; 2.5catch efficiency; and 2.6catch utilization; 3.What are the primary needs of the fisherfolks? 4.What are the primary challenges faced by fisherfolks? 5.What are the existing policies and ordinance relative to fishing? Scope and Limitation of the Study This study focused on the needs of the fisherfolks of Barangay Sabang in themunicipality of Vinzons, Camarines Norte. The study aimed to examine the profile ofrespondents in terms of age, gender, civil status, education, registration (FishR/BoatR),membership in organization, sources of income (primary /secondary), monthly income, assetsacquired from fishing, and household size. Furthermore, this study also examined the respondents fishing profile in terms of yearsof fishing experience, types of fishing gear used, existing fishing equipment, commonly caughtspecies, catch efficiency, and catch utilization; primary needs and challenges of fisherfolks. A comprehensive needs assessment gives policymakers important details. This ensuresthat the programs and policies created are grounded in actual needs and situations, resulting inmore accurate and efficient solutions. It is reasonable to put policies into place that enhance thelivelihoods of the fisherfolk by responding to the particular needs that were determined by the
assessment. Better fishing gear, educational initiatives, and market accessibility are a fewexamples of this. The number respondents was limited to those who participated in the study. It does notrepresent all fisherfolk in the barangay. The respondents of the study were only selected fishers.There are 300 registered fisherfolk in the entire barangay sabang but we only took 70respondents in one organization because they are the only registered organization in thebarangay. The researchers randomly selected seventy (70) respondents. The researchers willconduct surveys to gather the necessary data for the study. By clearly defining the scope andlimitations, this study aims to provide policy recommendations that at least support the needs offishermen and suggest livelihood measures to improve their living standards. Time and Place of the StudyThe researchers conducted the study from August 2024 to December 2024, with thequestions focused on a Needs Assessment of Fisherfolk in Barangay Sabang, Vinzons,Camarines Norte: Basis for Policy Implementation. The researchers began the process by findingdata to provide the basis, and begin working with, planning what has to be done during theresearch, and consulting with their adviser. The researchers then passed the title defense withinthe specified time frame. The survey questionnaire was then submitted for checking, andapproval by their adviser, and they conducted the survey. The researchers consequently arrangedthe information gathered from the survey, analyzed the results, and finished the research withtheir conclusion, and recommendations.The different activities in the study are presented in a Gantt Chart in Appendix A.
Chapter 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREIn this chapter, the researchers have thoroughly listed and examined the relevant literatureand studies. This includes information from articles, the internet, and a dissertation that wereused as references for the needs assessment of fisherfolks in Barangay Sabang, VinzonsCamarines Norte. These related literature and studies were consulted to establish a relationshipbetween the objectives of the study and the main challenges. The research also includes atheoretical framework and a conceptual framework. Community Needs Assessment of Fishermen Chavan (2022) asserts that community needs assessment identifies the strengths andresources that exist in the community to meet the needs of children, youth, and families. Inaddition, a community needs assessment provides community leaders with an overview of thelocal policies, systems, and strategies for changing the environment that are already in place. Italso helps to identify places where things could be better. Using this information, communitiescan make plans to improve their health by finding ways to make changes that are good andlasting. How the needs assessment is structured and conducted depends on the goals. Needsassessments can be used to assess the situation of a group or a specific population. A needsassessment is often conducted for a specific group, organization or company to help the groupbetter accomplish its mission or be more productive. Needs assessment is a systematic process of examining a population or community todetermine the current state of its resources, including its knowledge, skills, interests, andpractices relevant to the main concern, goal, or purpose of the assessment (Borbon, 2020). The
efficient implementation of a project and the eventual development of more robust communityconsultation programs would both be facilitated by an understanding of a community's needs. Asthe initial spark for improving community life, assessing the needs of the local community is acrucial component of community development. Government Policies and Programs in Fishing Communities The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach is about managing resources in such a way that acomfortable life is possible without endangering the environment. The interaction of economic,social and environmental elements is emphasized. SLA recognizes that livelihoods are complexand interconnected. It considers institutions, vulnerabilities, capabilities and assets. Fivecategories of assets are recognized by SLA: natural, physical, human, social and financial.Forests, water and land are examples of natural resources for the environment. Infrastructure inthe sense of physical tools and equipment. Human in terms of knowledge, skills, well-being andeducation. Social in the form of relationships, networks and social capital and financial in theform of income, savings and available credit. SLA examines the ways in which households usethese resources to pursue different livelihood strategies (e.g. farming, fishing and wage labor).SLA takes into account external variables that affect livelihoods, such as market dynamics,climate change and politics. Strong livelihoods depend on efficient institutions and governancepractices. SLA favors participatory approaches that enable local communities to value their ownlivelihoods. A number of frameworks, such as the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework developedby DFID, support practitioners in putting SLA into practice. Power inequalities can affectparticipation and decision- making, and SLA should consider adaptability and resilience toshocks (e.g. disasters, economic downturn). SLA can be challenging due to its holistic nature and
the need for interdisciplinary teamwork. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach offers acomprehensive perspective for understanding and improving livelihoods. It emphasizesparticipation, context and linkages between resources. To address changing issues, scientists andpractitioners are constantly improving and modifying the SLA. . The Sustainable LivelihoodApproach (SLA) has proven useful in identifying the issues facing small-scale fishingcommunities in relation to their livelihoods (Apine et al., 2019). According to Aban et al., (2017), it underscores the importance of sustainable fisheriesmanagement in addressing the challenges coastal communities face. It identifies key issues suchas overfishing, habitat degradation, and the lack of enforcement of environmental regulations, allof which threaten the livelihoods of fisherfolk and the ecological balance of marine resources.The study highlights the value of resource assessments, community-based management practices,and collaborative decision-making involving local stakeholders. It also emphasizes the need forcapacity-building initiatives, improved resource monitoring, and the implementation of science-based policies to enhance fisherfolk socio-economic well-being and fisheries' sustainability.According to Tanner et al. (2015), livelihood resilience is the capacity of individuals ofvarious generations to maintain or enhance their livelihood opportunities and general well-beingin the face of social, economic, political, and environmental shocks. Understanding thelivelihood resilience of artisanal fishers in small-scale fisheries facing crises from multipleclimate and human-induced stressors could contribute immensely to policies/interventionsaiming at fostering long-term transformation and sustainability in the sector. Moreover, IfejikaSperanza et al. (2014) indicate that the concept of livelihood resilience offers a useful frameworkthat could serve as a monitoring and evaluation tool for livelihood resilience-buildinginterventions/policies.
According to Santiago et al., (2023) examines the training needs of coastal residents inOrani, focusing on identifying the specific needs of men and women to develop a gender-responsive extension program. The research reveals significant gender disparities in access toresources, skills development, and livelihood opportunities, which affect the overall well-beingof the community. It was found that male residents primarily require training in advanced fishingtechniques, while female residents expressed a greater need for skills related to sustainablelivelihoods, small-scale entrepreneurship, and family welfare activities. The study highlights theimportance of considering gender roles and responsibilities in designing development programsto ensure they meet the unique needs of both men and women. By addressing these needs, theproposed extension program can enhance the community’s capacity for sustainable development,improve economic conditions, and promote gender equality. The study provides a valuableframework for tailoring future training programs that will empower both men and women,creating a more equitable and productive coastal community.Environmental pollution and degradation have also led to the loss of aquatic habitat,affecting the livelihoods of fisheries in the region (Pomeroy et al. 2016). Land-based emissions,such as atmospheric pollutants due to increasing urbanization, human settlements and tourism,contribute significantly to marine pollution, which has economic impacts. According toBergland et al. (2019), pollution density is also likely to have a negative impact on fisheries, asthe biological growth potential in the sea decreases, which in turn has an impact on fish biomassinland. In response, there is a global consensus to find solutions to the impacts and threats ofclimate change in the fisheries sector by developing policies and programs for mitigation andadaptation strategies with a focus on vulnerability, sustainability and resilience (Miao, 2018).Blasiak et al. (2017) corroborate this claim by pointing out that impacts on fishing brought
about by climate change can be reduced by minimizing vulnerability. This would help so thatthe emerging issue mentioned can somehow be minimized through the enrichment program.The livelihood program can also be beneficial as regards the economic status of the localresidents. Though it may take time and effort in planning and executing, according to Alley etal., maintaining a motivated and skilled stable of community livelihood programs can bechallenging, yet possible with a strategic plan that is geared towards the needs of thecommunity. Problems or Challenges Encountered of Fishermen Based on the study of Muringai et al.,(2020) The difficulties that fishermen encounterare multifaceted and interconnected. Fishing communities face a variety of challenges,including declining fish catches, food shortages, attacks by wildlife, limited access toinformation systems, and insufficient equipment for fishing. The difficulties are furthercompounded by introduced species like predator crayfish and inadequate lake co-management.Better policies, cooperative efforts, and sustainable behaviors are necessary to overcome theseproblems. A decline in fish catches is one of the biggest problems facing fishermen. Thisdecline is a result of various factors, such as habitat destruction, overfishing, and changingenvironmental circumstances. The erratic availability of fish has led to shortages of food inmany fishing communities. They are susceptible to shortages because they rely too heavily onfish as their main source of feed. Attacks by wildlife on fishermen are a common occurrence.These assaults may result in casualties, missed catches, and equipment damage to fishing boats.Effective decision-making is hampered by limited access to information systems. Fishermen
require accurate data about market prices, fishing places, and weather. Productivity is impactedby insufficient or outdated equipment for fishing. Sustainable fishing requires having access tocurrent equipment and technologies. Ecosystems in the area can be upset by invasive species,such as predator crayfish. Fish populations are impacted by them and they compete with nativefish species. The reduction of resources is a result of insufficient lake co-managementtechniques. Sustainable fisheries depend heavily on stakeholder collaboration. Fishing areas getsmaller as a result of overfishing and habitat loss and within restricted areas, fishermen sufferless catch and more competition. Environmental changes, economic hardships, and politicalunrest all have a negative impact on fish output. These complex issues should be addressed byintegrated policies and development programs. Based on the study of Suh and Pomeroy, (2020) in their article “Projected EconomicImpact of Climate Change on Marine Capture Fisheries in the Philippines” The Philippines isparticularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change on fisheries because of its long coastlineand large number of islands. The fact that almost 70% of Filipinos reside in coastal regionshighlights how crucial fisheries are to the nation's economy and ability to secure food. Thenational economy benefits greatly from the fishing industry, which creates jobs and revenue.The impact of climate change scenarios (based on greenhouse gas concentrations) on marinecapture fisheries is represented in the study using a CGE model. They consider two scenarios ofclimate change: RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. The model's main concerns are income inequality,economic growth, and the overall effect on the country's economy. The findings show that inmore extreme climatic scenarios, there will be negative effects in both economic and fisheryfactors. The Philippines is vulnerable to an economic shock from climate change because of itsreliance on fishing. The report emphasizes the necessity for mitigation plans for the effects of
climate change on marine resources. This study highlights the need for sustainable managementpractices and adaptation strategies by providing light on the possible economic effects ofclimate change on the Philippines' coastal capture fisheries. According to Palanca-Tan and Bongat-Bayog (2021), there is a need for governmentassistance, such as aquaculture financing programs and the formation of fish farmingcooperatives, to enable locals to engage in large-scale fish farming. The study's findingsrevealed that fishing related benefits in Lake Sebu were primarily derived from aquaculture,particularly tilapia farming in fish cages. However, capture fisheries were found to be small-scale, low-gear open fishing activities that only generated subsistence income for localfisherfolk. It was discovered that fishing-dependent households had an average annual incomelower than the overall average for all households, and a significant percentage of fishing-dependent households lived below the poverty line. Based on the findings, the study emphasizes the need for government assistance tosupport the fishing community in Lake Sebu. The researchers recommend the implementationof aquaculture financing programs and the establishment of fish farming cooperatives to enablelocals to engage in large-scale fish farming and benefit from economies of scale. Theseinterventions could contribute to poverty alleviation and enhance the livelihoods of fishinghouseholds in the community. The finding of the study shows the specific challenges faced byfishing households in terms of income generation, poverty levels, and limited access toresources.
According to Palanca-Tan (2020), the study focuses on the economic vulnerabilities offishing-dependent households in the Philippines and the role of government support inaddressing these challenges. The findings highlight the precarious economic situation offishing-dependent households around Laguna Lake. The study reveals that these householdsneed help in terms of income generation, with many relying on subsistence-level earnings. Italso uncovers a high prevalence of poverty among fishing-dependent households, indicatingthat they are particularly vulnerable to economic shocks and fluctuations in the fishing industry.The assessment can further explore the unique challenges faced by local fisherfolk, suchas income instability, limited access to resources, and the impact of environmental factors ontheir livelihoods. The researcher emphasizes the need for targeted interventions and policies thatcan enhance the economic resilience of these households. This can include initiatives such asproviding financial assistance, access to credit, and training programs to improve the skills andcapacities of fishermen. Moreover, the study suggests the importance of establishing socialsafety nets to protect fishing-dependent households during periods of economic instability. In the study by Cadiz et al., (2024), examines the multifaceted challenges faced bysmall-scale fishing communities, highlighting factors such as economic instability, limitedaccess to markets and financial resources, environmental threats like overfishing and climatechange, and insufficient support from governmental and non-governmental organizations.Through a combination of surveys and interviews conducted in various barangays, the researchidentifies critical areas of vulnerability undermining fisherfolk livelihoods' sustainability andresilience. These insights underscore the necessity for targeted policy interventions aimed atenhancing economic stability, improving resource accessibility, and providing robustenvironmental and institutional support.
Liu et al. (2021) aimed to analyze the scientific production of climate change and itsimpact on Philippine fisheries. The findings of the study revealed that the research focus in thefield of climate change and fisheries in the Philippines can be categorized into four main areas:impact assessment, management, adaptation, and perception. The main themes identified wereresource management, economy and livelihood, governance and stakeholder participation, andcommunity marginalization. The study highlights the critical issues faced by the Philippinefisheries sector due to climate change, including the negative impacts on marine capturefisheries, such as a projected decrease in fisheries GDP and a reduction in household income. Italso emphasizes the environmental consequences, such as coral reef bleaching and the decreasein marine primary production. The study underscores the urgent need to address the critical problems associated withclimate change in Philippine fisheries. The findings provide valuable insights in understandingthe specific impacts and themes related to climate change in the fisheries sector. It can furtherexplore the specific challenges faced by local fishermen in relation to climate change anddevelop targeted interventions and strategies to enhance their resilience, sustainability, andadaptive capacity. Based on the study of Untari et al. (2020) it focuses on assessing the role of mangroveforests in supporting the socio-economic well-being of fishing communities. The findings of thestudy highlight the significant contribution of mangrove forests to the socio-economic life offishing communities. Mangroves serve as important habitats for various fish and marinespecies, providing nursery grounds and shelter. The utilization of mangrove resources by fishingcommunities includes activities such as fishing, aquaculture, and collection of non-timber forestproducts. These activities contribute to the livelihoods and income generation of fishing
communities. Mangrove forests provide ecosystem services that support the overall well-beingof communities, including coastal protection, water filtration, and carbon sequestration. The study emphasizes the importance of sustainable management and conservation ofmangrove ecosystems to ensure the continued socio-economic benefits of fishing. It exploresthe specific utilization patterns, challenges, and opportunities related to mangrove forests forfishing communities in the target area. This study can inform the development of community-based strategies and interventions that promote sustainable mangrove management, enhance theresilience of fishing communities, and address their socio-economic needs. The study conducted by Satar et al. (2021) focuses on evaluating the effectiveness ofnongreen public spaces in the Untia Fishermen Settlement. The findings of the study revealedthat the non-green public spaces in the Untia Fishermen Settlement, namely Taman BermainDelta and Plaza Park, exhibited deficiencies in terms of utilization, accessibility, and supportingfacilities and infrastructure. The study found that these public spaces were not fully meeting theexpectations of being comfortable, productive, and sustainable spaces. The lack of communitysocial activities and inadequate quality and quantity of supporting facilities were identified askey challenges. Based on the study by Mercado and Mercado (2016) examines the living conditions andchallenges of rural fishers, focusing on their demographic and economic characteristics. Mostfishers are male, aged 30-50 years, with low educational attainment, typically at the primarylevel, and belong to large families, which add to their financial burdens. Fishing serves as theirmain livelihood, but income levels are often low and unstable due to seasonal fish availability,declining marine resources, and external factors such as weather disturbances. Many fishers
rely on traditional fishing methods, limiting productivity and efficiency. The study emphasizesthe need for interventions such as livelihood diversification, capacity-building programs, andaccess to modern fishing technologies to improve their economic stability and overall quality oflife. It also calls for policy support to address structural issues and ensure sustainable resourcemanagement for the long-term benefit of these coastal communities.The gathered studies discussed the needs, problems, and challenges of the fisherfolk thatthey faced in terms of their livelihood. Also, the development of community-based strategies andinterventions that promote sustainable mangrove management and effectiveness of non-greenpublic spaces in the fishermen’s community. The researchers made an instrument through asurvey and non-formal interview that found a suitable policy recommendation. The respondentsof the survey are those fisherfolk in Barangay Sabang, VInzons, Camarines Norte that served asthe gap-bridge between the previous and the present study. Theoretical Framework This section discusses the theories that led to the study's aims being supported. The first theory used in the study is the Resource Dependency Theory. It is aboutsociological perspective that examines how organizations acquire and manage resources in theirenvironment. In relation to the study, this theory holds that in order for an organization to existand achieve success, it needs external resources (including infrastructure, market access, andgovernment support), such as fishing communities. Fisherfolks rely on social and naturalresources for their livelihood, such as cooperative societies and support networks, as well as fish
and water quality. Strategies for sustainable development can be informed by an evaluation ofresource availability and access (Gordon, 2023). The second theory is Social Capital Theory that refers to the value derived from socialnetworks, trust, and cooperation within a community (Saravanakumar, 2024). Robert Putnam, aprominent scholar, defines social capital as “features of social organizations, such as networks,norms, and trust that facilitate action and cooperation for mutual benefit”. For fisherfolks, strongsocial ties (e.g., cooperative fishing practices, mutual assistance) can enhance resilience andimprove access to resources. Assessing social networks, trust levels, and community cohesioncan guide interventions to strengthen social capital. Also, in relation to the current study,collaboration and cooperation it also helps in bridging social capital that comes into play whenfisherfolks interact with other groups or organizations. For instance, fish farmers’ associationsenable collective efforts for problem solving. By bridging across different communities,fisherfolks gain access to diverse knowledge, markets, and collaborative opportunities.Moreover, linking social capital extends beyond immediate networks. It involves connectionswith institutions, government bodies, and formal systems. For fisherfolks, this could meanengaging with fisheries management agencies, policymakers, or market regulators. Linkingsocial capital facilitates access to resources, information, and opportunities beyond theirimmediate circles. Theory of Scaling for Community-Based Fisheries Management is about communitybased approaches to fisheries management that have become a mainstream strategy forgoverning dispersed, diverse, and dynamin small-scale fisheries. However, amplifying localcommunity-led sustainability outcomes remains a challenge. The theory of scaling provides aframework that considers process driven and structural changes across multiple levels of
governance and different scaling phases. It hypothesizes that successful scaling involvesengaging with all aspects of a governing regime, coalescing various actors, and transcendingindividual components. Theory of Scaling for Community-Based Fisheries Management consistsof three key dimensions: Reflective Perspective, Change Interventions, and Habituated Patterns(Steenbergen, 2024). In relation to the present study, the theory of scaling bridges the gap between localpractices and broader impact, ensuring that fisherfolks play a central role in achievingsustainable fisheries management goals. Since, the present study is focusing on the communityneeds assessment of fishermen, it can contribute to sustainable fisheries and community well-being. In addition, fisherfolks can benefit from sustainability outcomes in terms of fish stocks,ecosystem health, and livelihoods. Figure 1. The Theoretical paradigm of the Study will be presented in thenext page.
Conceptual FrameworkThe study's conceptual framework is divided into three main phases based on the InputProcess-Output (IPO) Model. The initial phase, input, is the foundation of the research andentails gathering data on the socio economic profile, experiences, needs, challenges, andexisting fishing policies and ordinances of fisherfolks in barangay Sabang, Vinzons, CamarinesNorte. These inputs provide the necessary information to begin the process. These inputsinclude the information required to start the process. The next phase, the Process, entails examining the needs of fisherfolks in BarangaySabang, Vinzons, and Camarines Norte. This assessment is conducted using a structured surveyquestionnaire implied to get to know the respondents well. This step also includes conductingin-depth interviews to uncover the components that contribute to the study's problem. Theseprocedures are critical to understanding the current state of the Sabang fishing community.Furthermore, the collected data is thoroughly analyzed using statistical tools such aspercentages, weighted mean calculations, and rankings. The final phase, the Output, is the study's outcome, which includes sustainabledevelopment that meets the needs of the fishing community through the establishment andenhancement of a policy/project. This output is intended to benefit the overall development ofthe fishing community in Sabang, Vinzons, Camarines Norte. The feedback depicts the associated flow of the three phases based on the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model, which are connected to each other. Figure 2. The Conceptual paradigm of the study will be presented in the next page.
Chapter 3METHODOLOGYIn this chapter, the research design, study population, sample size and technique, methodfor collecting data, as well as the data analysis method are presented. These approaches are usedto help the researcher achieve the study's objectives. Research DesignDescriptive method involves observing, recording, and analyzing the detailed reason inunderstanding, categorizing, and interpreting the topic. Descriptive research aims to accuratelyand systematically describe characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories withoutmanipulating variables. Descriptive research is commonly using visual aids such as graphs andcharts to assist the reader in grasping the data distribution (Singh, 2023). Descriptive research isused by the researchers to analyze the Needs Assessment of fisherfolks in Brgy. Sabang, VinzonsCamarines Norte. Additionally, the researchers will construct a survey questionnaire thataddresses significant subjects like income levels, fishing gear, fishing equipment, catch volume,and commonly captured species. Population of the StudyThe population of this study were the selected small scale fisherfolk in Brgy. Sabang,Vinzons, Camarines Norte, which has a total of 70 respondents. By assessing their needs, we cangain valuable insights to inform community development and policy interventions to open theneeds of the fisherfolks.
Sampling Techniques or Procedures The objectives of the researchers achieved by distributing questionnaires to therespondents. A survey interview with the fisherfolk of Barangay Sabang to gather additionalpertinent information to support the study. The researchers of the study selected the respondentsthrough random sampling which enabled them to collect the needed data. It depends on theresearcher's judgment to identify and select participants, situations or events that can provide thebest data to achieve the objectives of the study (Nikolopoulou, 2022). The researchers of thestudy used complete enumeration as a technique of data collection, which enabled them to obtainthe information needed for the study. In a technique known as "random sampling", researchers select a random subset ofindividuals from a broader population or group. This means every member has an equalprobability of being chosen, this technique is frequently employed to produce a sample that isrepresentative of the overall population among the fisherfolk of Barangay Sabang. The process of gathering information from each member of the public is known as acomprehensive enumeration technique of data collection. Using a random sampling techniqueknown as full enumeration, the researcher selects a response from the complete group bystatistically measuring a selection of people chosen from a broader group or population usingthe basic random sampling approach. Data Collection In order to collect the required data, the researchers will request approval and supportfrom their adviser in order to better comprehend the research. Additionally, the researchers willcarry out a dry run in order to evaluate the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of thequestionnaire and to determine if the survey's questions provided sufficient information to
address the issues mentioned in the research. Also, they will make sure that the dry run's ethicalconsiderations were observed. The said dry run will be conducted in September 2024. This research employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Specifically, ituses the descriptive research method through the conduct of face-to-face interviews and surveyquestionnaires among fisherfolks households. The respondents' responses were compiled andexamined. Additionally, respondents received assurances that the information they providedwould be kept confidential and that the help they provided would improve their standard ofliving. Tools for Data AnalysisFollowing the method, the researcher gathers data using statistical methods to interpretthe data effectively. The Percentage and Weighted Mean, and Ranking are the tools used tointerpret data. A. Percentage Technique. The researchers used the percentage technique to determinethe profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, level of education, householdsize, years of residence, and occupational status. To get the percentage, the frequency of thedata gathered will be divided into the total number of respondents, then multiplied by 100which is the given constant multiplier. It was computed with the formula.𝑃= f/𝑛× 100Where: P= Percentage
f= frequencyN= total number of respondentsWeighted Mean.This was. used to identify and determine the community needsassessment of fishermen in Barangay Sabang Vinzons, Camarines Norte in terms of years offishing experience, types of fishing gear used, existing fishing equipment, commonly caughtspecies, catch efficiency, and catch utilization.Where: 𝑊𝑀= ∑𝑓𝑥𝑁WM= Weighted Mean∑= Summationf= frequency x = weighted of category respondentsN= number of populationsRanking. This was used to determine the position of the frequency from which is thehighest and which is the lowest.
Chapter 4RESULT AND DISCUSSIONThis chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of the data collected during thestudy. In order to support the study's overall findings and recommendations, this chapter willmethodically analyze the data in an effort to find relationships and patterns. Moreover, this section of the paper covers the discussion and presentation of dataconcerning the accomplishment of the following objectives: 1) What are the respondents socioeconomic profile in terms of age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, registration(FishR/BoatR), membership in organizations, sources of icome (primary /secondary), monthlyincome, assets acquired from fishing, and household size; 2) What are the respondents fishingprofile in terms of years of fishing experience, types of fishing gear used, existing fishingequipment, commonly caught species, catch efficiency, and catch utilization; 3) What are theprimary needs of the fisherfolks?; 4) What are the primary challenges faced by fisherfolks?; 5)What are the existing policies and ordinance relative to fishing? Socio-economic ProfileThe profile of respondents aimed to provide a meaningful basis for the analysis of thestudy. The profile is limited to their age, gender, civil status, educational attainment, registration,membership, organization, sources of income, assets acquired, and household size. Based on thequalifications set, the researchers identified 70 respondents during the survey who are fisherfolkin Barangay Sabang, Vinzons, Camarines Norte. Age. Table 1 presents the demographic profile in terms of age, the majority of therespondents belong to prime working age of 25-54 years old with 72.86 percent, followed by
mature working age of 55-64 years old with 22.86 percent, next, early working age of 15-24years old with 2.86 percent, and then elderly of 65 years and above with 1.43 percent. Table 1Age ProfileAge CategoryFrequency (f)Percentage (%)15-24 years (early working age)22.8625-54 years (prime working age)5172.8655-64 years (mature working age)1622.8665 years, and over (elderly)11.43Total70100It revealed that the highest number of the respondents belong to the age category of(prime working age) 19 – 21 years old which had a frequency of 51 or 72.86 percent, while thelowest number of respondents belongs to the age category of (early working age) 15 – 24 yearsold which had a frequency of 2 or 2.86 percent. This implies that most of the people in the fishing community are in the prime of theirlives. Because fishing is a physically demanding activity, it appears that people in prime workingage groups are the ones who engage in it, they are also the one who are aware andknowledgeable regarding fishing activity in their areas.Similarly, the study of BusinessMirror Editorial (2024), it states that the population offisherfolk in consideration is mostly concentrated in the age group of 25 to 54 years, whichrepresents a majority of all other ages. This implies that this group is the core population of thefishing industry. However, it also indicates that this age group poses a challenge in terms ofsustainability as they become older. As the younger generations tend to avoid the fishing
profession, a worry is being raised over the viability of the fishing workforce and the need fortargeted support activities that will be placed in getting and keeping younger fishers.Gender. Table 2 presents the socio-economic profile of the respondents in terms of theirgender. It shows that male has a frequency of 66 with 94.29 percent and female has a frequencyof 4 with 5.71 percent. Table 2Gender ProfileGenderFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Male6694.29Female45.71Total70100The table shows that the large number of respondents is male. It implies that males tendto focus on fishing; they may have greater access to economic opportunities and resourcesassociated with the industry. Quinones, M. (2020), stated that fishing as an occupation dominated by men is true inIligan Bay according to the respondents, where women act as supporters to their fisher-husbandsin the fish capture arena. However, their significant contribution during post capture activitieslike vending and household economy cannot be underrated. Civil Status. Table 3 presents the socio-economic profile in terms of civil status. Most ofthe respondents are married with a frequency of 56 or 80 percent, followed by live-in 9 or 12.86percent, single with 4 or 5.71 percent, and separated 1 or 1.43 percent. Table 3
Civil StatusCivil StatusFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Single45.71Married5680.00Live-inSeparatedTotal917012.861.43100This result indicate that a large number of respondents are married. It implies thatFilipino societies uphold the need to belong to a family and promote the virtues of matrimony.Aguinaldo and Gomez (2021) found that the majority of respondents, specifically 79% (78individuals), are married. Their study indicates a positive relationship between marital statusand the willingness of fisherfolk to engage in tourism activities. This suggests that marriedfisherfolks are more inclined to participate in tourism as they seek additional livelihoodopportunities to supplement their household income. In Samal Island, for instance, marriedfisherfolks often pursue income sources beyond fishing, such as working in construction,engaging in farming, or operating small businesses. Educational Attainment. Table 4 presents the socio-economic profile in terms ofeducational attainment, shows that elementary graduate has a frequency of 31 with 44.29percent, highschool undergraduate and highschool graduate has a frequency of 18 with 25.71percent and elementary undergraduate, vocational graduate and college graduate has afrequency of 1 with 1.43 percent. Table 4
Educational AttainmentEducational AttainmentFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Elementary UndergraduateElementary GraduateHighschool UndergraduateHighschool Graduate13118181.4344.2925.7125.71Vocational GraduateCollege GraduateTotal11701.431.43100The table shows that the majority of the respondents are elementary graduates whichobtained of 31 or 44.29 percent and the lowest frequency is elementary undergraduate,vocational graduate, and college graduate which has 1 or 1.43 percent. With this educationalattainment they would not be aware or knowledgeable about the programs and policiesimplemented in their respective barangay or municipality. This implies that basic education is important, but there can be obstacles standing in theway of more advanced learning. In the same manner, the low percentages of college graduatesand undergraduates show that higher education attainment is uncommon among BarangaySabang fishers. The distance from the barangay to the town proper, the limited transportation,long hours of travels, the absence of tertiary schools and expenses hinders the constituentsespecially Barangay Sabang wherein coastal area from getting college degree. This could bebecause of limited access to higher education institutions, the need to start working early, orlimited financial resources.
According to Baltar (2022), 64 out of 78 respondents, or 64% of the total, only have anelementary education. A large number of fishermen are year-round extractive fishermen whomake less than the federal poverty line. Registration. Table 5 presents the socio-economic profile in terms of registration. Itshows that fish/r has a frequency of 70 with 100 percent and boat/r has a frequency of 52 with74. 29 percent. Table 5RegistrationRegistrationFrequency (f)Percentage (%)FishR70100BoatR5274.29Total122174.29As shown in table 5 was the registration profile of the fisherfolk in Barangay Sabang,Vinzons, Camarines Norte. All fisherfolks (100%) are registered under FishR, according to thedata, indicating a high rate of compliance or involvement in this registration category. A largepercentage of persons who are registered as fisherfolk also have their boats registered, as shownby the (74.29 %) of fisherfolk who are also registered under BoatR. The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) emphasizes the importance ofprograms like FISHR (Fishery Information System) and BOATR (Boat Registration) inensuring fisherfolk are properly registered in their barangays or recognized as members offishermen’s organizations. These efforts help formalize their status, allowing them to accessgovernment support and participate more actively in resource management. As a result, more
fisherfolk are now registered, strengthening their connection to their communities and ensuringthey are included in development programs.Membership. Table 6 revealed the number of members of the respondents. The tableshows that most of the fisherfolk is registered fisherfolk with 70 or 100 percent. Table 6MembershipMembershipFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Member70100Total70100As shown in the table, the total number of respondents who participated in this study is70 with 100 percent. The data shows that each individual in the sample is a member of theorganization. This implies that the entire population surveyed is actively involved in theorganization. Meaning to say, fisherfolk is cooperating for the betterment of their work alsoinvolvement helps improve communication channels within the organization. Members aremore informed about on-going activities, policies, and changes, which can reducemisunderstandings and conflicts. This can enhance the organization's capacity to achieve itsgoals and address challenges.CITATIOOOOOONNNN HUHU
Name of Organization. Table 7 revealed the number of members of the respondents. Thetable shows that the majority of the fisherfolk are members of the organization, which has 70 or100 percent. Table 7Name of OrganizationName of OrganizationFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Samahan ng Maliliit na mga Mangingisda70100Total70100The table above shows the distribution of membership in the organization “Samahan ngMaliliit na Mangingisda.” This implies full involvement or inclusion in this particularorganization with 100 percent, and active involvement can contribute to the long-termsustainability of the organization. Furthermore, when members are actively involved, it fostersa collaborative environment where ideas and resources are shared more freely. This can lead tomore innovative solutions and better decision-making.As relatively emphasized in the study of Napata, et al., (2024), fisherfolk who aremembers of organizations often experience improved access to resources, such as financialassistance, training, and equipment, which are critical to enhancing their livelihoods.Membership also fosters collaboration, collective action, and representation in local decision-making processes, enabling them to advocate for their needs more effectively. These benefitshighlight the importance of organized groups in strengthening the socio-economic standing offisherfolk.
Sources of Income. Table 8 revealed the sources of income of the respondents. The tableshows that the majority of the fisherfolk's primary source of income is fishing with a 70 or 00percent. It also shows that the secondary sources income is construction worker with highestnumber of 8 or 33.33 percent and the lowest frequency are sari-sari store and marketing (fish)which has 1 or 4.17 percent Table 8Primary IncomePrimaryFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Fishing70100Total70100Based on the data above, fishing is the main source of income for every member of thesample and dominates the field with 100 percent. It's clear fishing is the bedrock of the incomesource in this context. There is a noticeable variety in the secondary sources of income, withconstruction employment accounting for the majority (33.33%). To a lesser degree, thecommunity's income is also derived from other secondary sources such as fish drying, sari-saristores, marketing (fish), tourist boating, and boatman (transport). According to Holland et al. (2019), people are drawn to fishing because of non-financialbenefits including work satisfaction, identity, and social ties, even if it is riskier and pays less.These elements are crucial in maintaining people in the field even in the presence of better-paying alternatives. Comprehending these incentives is essential for sustainably managingfisheries.
Adhering to the study by Fe and Quizon (2024), fishing acts as the main source ofearning for poor fisherfolk, as there are no other sources of livelihood aside from the dependenceon coastal resources for sustenance and survival. This dependence usually refers to limitedaccess to education, vocational training, and other economic opportunities available to thesecommunities. Hence, such people's livelihoods become highly susceptible to environmentaldisturbances and policy changes affecting marine resources.Table 9Secondary SourceSecondaryFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Fish Drying312.5Construction Worker833.33Sari-sari Store14.17Fishing416.67Market (Fish)14.17Tourist Boating28.33Boatman (Transport)312.50Crabbing28.33Total24100Correspondingly, the findings of Zhang et al. (2020), the fishermen of Datang Village inPoyang, China have already switched their livelihoods for work such as construction in order toprovide for their families. Their change proves the reality that these people shift from purelyfishing towards construction work, as the ban not only changes their traditional ways of fishingbut also encourages local workers to search for jobs beyond their usual sources of occupation.Thus, construction work turns out to be just one method how these fishermen will adaptbehaviorally toward economic changes generated from environmental regulations.
Monthly Income. The table 10 revealed that the majority of the respondents arebelonging to "Poor" category, earning less than 12,030 PHP each month. Moreover, forsecondary, 21 respondents are also belonging to “Poor” category, and only one respondent inthe secondary income category is classified as "low income," earning between 12,030 and24,060 PHP per month. However, there are two secondary income earners in the "MiddleClass," earning between 48,120 and 84,210 PHP per month. Table 10Monthly IncomeRange of Monthly IncomePrimarySecondaryPoor (Less than 12, 030 Php)7021Low Income (But not poor)Between 12, 030- 24, 060 PerMonth)01Middle Class Between 48,120- 84, 210 Per Month)02Total7024This result indicates the majority of the respondents, low income level suggests thatmany fisherfolk struggle to meet their basic needs and may live in poverty. It implies thatfisherfolk with such low incomes are likely to be highly vulnerable to economic shocks, such aschanges in fish stocks, market prices, or natural disasters. This vulnerability can exacerbatetheir financial instability. Additionally, limited income can restrict access to essential resources,such as quality education, healthcare, and fishing equipment. This can hinder their ability toimprove their livelihoods and break the cycle of poverty.
As stated in the study of Palanca-Tan & Bongat-Bayog, (2021), an average Filipinofisher earns an income way below the poverty line i.e. an income less than about 12,030 Php amonth. It shows very clearly that the people who depend upon fishing for livelihood areeconomically very vulnerable. Their low income is because of the multiple reasons such asover-fishing, increased cost of operations, and limited access to financial resources and markets,which thus inhibits their ability to become financially stable. Therefore, it calls for theformulation of policies attuned to upgrading the socio-economic status of fishing communitiesby linking them to alternative sources of livelihoods and to proper and sustainable fishingpractices. Assets Acquired. Table 11 shows that most acquired assets belong to housing with afrequency of 47 or 28.31 percent followed by children education with a frequency of 43 or25.90 percent, next is fishing gears with a frequency of 23 or 13.86 percent, then boat andengine with a frequency of 19 or 11.45 percent, appliances with a frequency of 13 or 7.83percent, furnitures and fixtures with a frequency of 10 or 6.02 percent, gadgets with a frequencyof 7 or 4.22 percent, food with a frequency
Table 11Assets AcquiredAssetsFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Furniture, and Fixtures106.02Appliances137.83Children Education4325.90Gadgets74.22Housing4728.31Fishing Gears2313.86Boat, and Engine1911.45Jewelry10.60Gasoline10.60Food21.20Total166100In this table, show the data for assets acquired through fishing activities. Among thevarious assets identified, housing emerged as the most significant investment, with 28.31percent. This indicates that almost all of the fisherfolk prioritize using income from fishing tosecure and improve their homes. On the other hand, the data reveals that the least commonacquisitions are jewelry and gasoline, with only 0.60 percent of the total respondents. Thissuggests that these items are not considered priority investments by the fisherfolk. This result of asset acquisition reflects the practical priorities of the fisherfolks, with aclear emphasis on securing essential needs such as housing, while less directly useful items likejewelry and gasoline are less commonly acquired.
Household Size. Table 12 reveals the household size of the respondents. The tableshows that the majority of the household size is 5-10 members in the category of Medium,which had a frequency of 43 or 61.43 percent, while the 2-4 members in the category of Small,which had a frequency of 27 or 38.57 percent. Table 12Household SizeHousehold SizeFrequency (f)Percentage (%)2-4 members (Small)2738.575-10 members (Medium)4361.43Total70100This result indicates that large number of household size belonging to 5-10 members(Medium). This indicates that medium sized households are more prevalent in the community,with the majority of families having more than four members. This also signifies that most ofthe community consists of larger family units, which may have higher demand for householdresources, including food and education. Meaning to say, community is predominantly made upof small to medium-sized households, which may influence community planning, and policymaking, especially in programs and alternative livelihood. Fishing Profile The fishing profile presents the fishing experience, fishing frequency, time of fishing,caught species, catch per fishing trip, price per kilo, fishing gear used, and utilization. Based on
the qualifications set, the researchers identified 70 respondents during the survey who arefishermen in Barangay Sabang Vinzons, Camarines Norte. Years of Experience. Table 13 shows that 11-20 years of experience has a frequency of29 or 41.43 percent followed by 21-30 years which has a frequency of 17 or 24.29 percent.While the lowest value reveals a frequency of 7 or 10 percent of the respondents, which were 0-10 and 41-40 years of experience.Table 13Years of ExperienceYears of ExperienceFrequency (f)Percentage (%)0-10710.0011-202941.4321-301724.2931-401014.2941-50710.00Total70100The table shows the respondents' years of experience revealing that the majority isbelong to 11-20. It implies that they likely possess a significant amount of skill and knowledgeabout fishing practices, local waters, and sustainable techniques. This also can contribute to theoverall productivity and efficiency of the fishing community.Moreover, the lower number of fisherfolk with 0-10 years of experience may need toengage more young people in the fishing industry. This could involve creating opportunities,providing training, and making the industry more attractive to the younger generation. Also, 41-
50 years of experience might indicate challenges faced by older individuals in continuing theirfishing activities. This could be due to physical demands, health issues, or lack of support.As a whole, this table represents a community that is heavily dependent on fishing but isactively looking for other sources of revenue to support their way of life. They strive forstability amid the ups and downs of coastal living by fusing tradition with flexible tactics. Fishing Frequency. Table 14 reveals the fishing frequency of the respondents. The tableshows that the majority of respondents engaged in fishing daily which had a frequency of 70 or100 percent. Table 14Fishing FrequencyFishingFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Daily70100Total70100Table 14 shows that majority of the respondents are fishing daily. It implies that daily fishing suggests a high level of economic dependence on fishing activities. Meaning to say, fisherfolk likely rely on daily catches for their livelihood and sustenance. Time of Fishing. Table 15 reveals the time of fishing of the respondents. The table showsthat the highest is early morning (1:00 AM-5:00 AM) which had a frequency of 64 or 91.43percent, with duration of 1-5 hours and followed by afternoon (12:00PM-4:00PM) with afrequency of 5 or 7.14 percent. While the lowest is evening (5:00 PM-9:00 PM), which had afrequency of 1 or 1.43 percent, with duration of 1-5 hours.
Table 15Time of FishingTimeFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Duration (Range)Early Morning(1:00 AM - 5:00 AM)6491.431-5 hoursAfternoon(12:00 PM - 4:00 PM)57.141-5 hoursEvening(5:00 PM - 9:00 PM)11.431-5 hoursTotal70100Majority of the time of fishing of the respondents is early morning or 1 AM to 5 AM.Early morning and afternoon might be the times when fish are most active and easier to catch.Factors like water temperature, light levels, and fish feeding patterns can influence theseoptimal fishing times. It implies that he timing of fishing activities can affect the supply of freshfish to markets. Early morning catches can be sold fresh in the morning markets, whileafternoon catches might be available for evening sales.Commonly Caught Species. Table 16 reveals the commonly caught species of therespondents. The table shows that the highest species are Short Bodied Mackerel and SkipjackTuna, which had 62 or 29.67 percent. This is followed by the Scabbard Fish which obtained of25 or 11.96 percent. The lowest are Anchovy, Dolphinfish, Herring/Sardine, and IndianMackerel, with 1 or 48 percent.
Table 16Commonly Caught SpeciesSpecies CaughtRespondents Citations (RC), n=70Percentage (%)Anchovy10.48Big-eye Scad31.44Dolphinfish10.48Emperor Fish31.44Giant Trevally20.96Herring/Sardine10.48Indian Mackerel10.48Lizard Fish10.48Mackerel Scad20.96Scabbard Fish2511.96Short Bodied Mackerel6229.67Skipjack Tuna6229.67Slip Mouths136.22Sphyraena Barracuda Fish115.26Threadfin Bream178.13Tiger Tooth Croaker20.96Yellowstripe Scad20.96Total209100The data imply that Short Bodied Mackerel and Skip Jack TunaTable 17 shows the Total Catch(kg) Per Fishing Trip, Price Per Kg, and Catch Utilization,it revealed that the highest total catch(kg) per fishing trip is Skipjack Tuna, which had 716 kg,and the lowest is dolphinfish which had 2 kg. Also, it reveals that the highest price per kilo isanchovy which had a 200 price per kilo, and the lowest are Lizardfish and Slip Mouths, with 80
per kilo. On the other hand, it shows that wherein the majority of the respondents are utilized forsale. Table 17Total Catch(kg) Per Fishing Trip, Price Per Kg, and Catch UtilizationSpecies CaughtTotal Catch (kg)Per Fishing TripPrice Per KiloUtilizationAnchovy40.00200For SaleBig-eye Scad28.00180For Sale/For GiveDolphinfish2.00125For SaleEmperor Fish84.00100For SaleGiant Trevally15.50175For SaleHerring/Sardine7.50120For SaleIndian Mackerel5.00180For SaleLizard Fish15.0080For SaleMackerel Scad4.00180For SaleScabbard Fish616.50100For Sale/For Family FoodShort Bodied Mackerel612.50180For Sale/For Family FoodSkipjack Tuna716.00135For Sale/For Family FoodSlip Mouths218.0080For SaleSphyraena Barracuda97.50145For Sale/For Family FoodThreadfin Bream100.50135For Sale/For Family FoodTiger Tooth Croaker5.00120For SaleYellowstripe Scad5.00110For SaleTotal2,572.002,345
The table presents the results of the data gathered on the average, standard deviationcatches per fishing trip for various species, price per (kg), and utilization. The Skipjack Tuna is the highest average catch per fishing trip with 716, indicating thatit is the most commonly caught species during the fishing trips of the fisherfolk. On the otherhand, the Dolphinfish showed the lowest average catch per fishing trip, with a 2.00. It showsthat while Dolphinfish is generally not caught often there may be rare instances of significantlylarger catches. In Table 15, it also analyzed the price per kg, it shows that Anchovy is the highest-pricedfish, valued at 200 pesos per kilogram. In contrast, Lizardfish and Slip Mouths show the lowestprice per kilogram, both valued at 80 pesos per kilogram. It also shows that the majority of the species caught were primarily utilized for sale,where most of the catch is directed towards commercial purposes. This aligns with theobservation that species like anchovy, which command higher prices, are likely to be prioritizedfor sale. Additionally, it reveals that some caught species utilized both for food and sale. Thispresents that many of the fishers engage in a dual-purpose strategy, wherein part of their catchis consumed by their households, and the remaining is for sale to generate income. This dualutilization reflects the subsistence aspect of fishing, where fisherfolk rely on their catch for bothsustenance and livelihood. Fishing Gear. Table 18 shows that the majority of fishing gear is gil net with a frequencyof 69 or 98.57 percent. Followed by hook and line with a frequency of 5 or 7.41 percent.
Table 18Fishing GearFishing GearFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Gill Net6998.57Hook, and Line57.14Total74105.61The table shows that the majority of the fisherfolk in Barangay Sabang rely on gil net astheir primary fishing gear. The survey revealed that most of the respondents, 69 individuals(98.57%) reported using gil nets for their fishing activities. This high percentage indicates thatgil nets are the most preferred and accessible tool for fishing in the community. This type offishing gear is also very efficient in catching target fishes, which likely contributes to theirwidespread use. In contrast, only a small percentage of respondents, 5 individuals (7.14%),reported using hook and line as their primary fishing gear. This suggests that while hook andline fishing is still practiced, it is far less common compared to the use of gil nets. The lowerfrequency of hook and line usage could be attributed to several factors such as lower efficiency,the type of fish targeted, or the economic capacity of the fisherfolk to invest in more advancedfishing methods. The results revealed a clear preference for gil nets among the fisherfolk of BarangaySabang. This shows that the majority of the fishing activities are centered around techniques
that involve mass fish capture, which could be more effective in terms of catch volume but mayalso have implications for fish sustainability in the area. On the other hand, the relatively lowuse of hook and line, which is generally considered a more sustainable method, could suggest aneed for further support or training in alternative fishing methods that balance efficiency withenvironmental conservation. Primary Needs, Challenges, Existing Policies and Ordinance Relative to Fishing This section presents the primary needs, challenges, existing policies and ordinance,impacts, received support needed, contribution to well-being, organization/agencies, and foodshortages. Based on the qualifications set, the researchers identified 70 respondents during thesurvey who are fisherfolks in Barangay Sabang Vinzons, Camarines Norte. Primary Needs. Table 19 presents the highest result with a frequency of 69 or 41.57 arefishing gear, followed by diesel with a frequency of 43 or 25.90 percent. While the lowestnumber of responses belongs to food which had a frequency of 3 or 1.81 percent.Table 19Primary NeedsPrimary NeedsFrequency (f) Percentage (%)Diesel4325.90Fishing Gear6941.57Flashlight2112.65
Boat/Engine3018.07Food31.81Total166100The table above shows that the most primary need of fisherfolk was fishing gear, whichhad a frequency of 69, representing 41.57 percent of the total respondents. This result indicatesthat almost half of the fisherfolks prioritize proper fishing equipment as a fundamental need insustaining their livelihoods. Given the nature of their work, the lack of appropriate gearsseverely limits their productivity and income generation. According to Balisco et al. (2019), fishing gear is a crucial tool for catching aquaticspecies consumed by local populations. The design and procedures used explain thepeculiarities of the species trapped in these gears. Bag nets, beach seines, bottom set gill nets,drift gill nets, ring nets, and trammel nets are all examples of net-based fishing gear. On the other hand, the least frequently mentioned need was food, with only 3respondents indicating it as a concern. This constitutes a mere 1.81% of the total population.Although food is a basic necessity, this low percentage suggests that immediate food insecuritymay not be a prevalent issue among the fisherfolks, or it may reflect that other needs, such asfishing gear, boat engine, flashlight, and diesel, take precedence in their concerns for livelihoodsustainability. The variation in frequency and percentage across different categories reflects thediffering priorities of the fisherfolks, with tools necessary for their occupation being of utmostimportance.
Primary Needs. Table 20 reveals the primary challenges of the respondents. The tableshows that the highest number of the primary challenges is rough seas which had a frequency of56 or 75.68 percent, and followed by fishing rivalry which had a frequency of 12 or 16.22percent. While the lowest was illegal fishing which had a frequency of 2 or 2.70 percent.
Table 20Primary Challenges Primary NeedsFrequency (f) Percentage (%)Rough Seas5675.86Fishing Rivalry1216.22Broken Gear45.41Illegal Fishing22.70Total74100The table shown above revealed the primary challenges, with “rough seas” identified as the most prevalent issue. A total of 56 respondents (75.68%) indicated that rough seas severely affect their fishing activities. This finding shows the impact of environmental factors on the localfishing industry, which not only affects the immediate catch but also poses risks to the safety of the fisherfolk. According to Adeleke et al., (2021), climate change might have a variety of effects onfishermen, including loss and damage of fishing equipment, health effects, changes in fishingtime, changes in fish capture, and changes in fishing tactics and equipment. It was alsodiscovered that fishing's success and maximum profit are reliant on favorable meteorologicalcircumstances. The frequency of this challenge reflects a broader concern within the communityregarding climate change and its adverse effects on sea conditions, making it essential to exploreadaptive measures and support systems for the fisherfolk. Conversely, the challenge categorizedas “illegal fishing” received the lowest frequency, with only 2 respondents (2.70%) identifying itas a primary concern. Meaning to say, illegal fishing remains an issue, it is not perceived as asignificant threat compared to the more immediate and tangible challenges posed by rough seas.
Policies and Ordinances. Table 21 shows the policies and ordinances of the respondents.The table shows the policies and ordinances are fishing restrictions which had a frequency of 41or 41.57 percent. This is followed by uncertainty or lack of knowledge which obtained afrequency of 17 or 24.29 percent. While the lowest value reveals that 12 or 17.14 percent ofresponses belongs to enforcement issues. Table 21Policies, and OrdinancesPolicies/OrdinancesFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Fishing Restrictions4158.57Enforcement Issues1217.14Uncertainty or Lack ofKnowledge1724.29Total70100The table presents data on the challenges associated with policies and ordinances,particularly about fishing. Out of 70 responses, the majority (58.57%) reported issues withfishing restrictions, indicating that more than half of the surveyed individuals or groups areaffected by these limitations. Additionally, 17 respondents (24.29%) identified uncertainty orlack of knowledge regarding policies as a barrier, highlighting the need for better informationdissemination. Lastly, 12 responses (17.14%) pointed to enforcement issues, suggesting thatpolicy enforcement may be inconsistent or ineffective.
In the study of Perez et al (2012), it clearly emphasized that governance of small-scaleor municipal fisheries in the Philippines plays a critical role in the livelihoods of coastalcommunities. It has highlighted that despite 8 national fisheries plans from 1972 to 2010, 4major externally funded fisheries programs and thousands of local initiatives, the failures andinadequacies in governance of small-scale fisheries are conspicuous. They are made evident bydepleted fishery resources, degraded fish habitats, intensified resource use competition andconflict, post-harvest losses, limited institutional capabilities, inadequate and inconsistentfisheries policies, and weak institutional partnerships according to the said study. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing fishing restrictions, improvingpolicy awareness, and strengthening enforcement to alleviate the challenges faced by thoseimpacted.Impact. Table 22 shows the impact of the respondents. The table shows the highestimpact is lack of income which had a frequency of 27 or 31.76 percent, while the lowest wasbroken gears which had a frequency of 4 or 4.71 percent.
Table 22ImpactImpactFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Lack of Income2731.76Lack of Food78.24Lack of Fish Caught2124.71Rough Seas2630.59Broken Gears44.71Total85100This table summarizes various negative impacts experienced by individuals involved infishing activities. The most common impact, reported by 31.76% of the population, is the lackof income. The following is the issue of rough seas, affecting 30.59%. Additionally, 24.71% ofthe individuals face difficulties due to a lack of fish caught, while 8.24% experience foodshortages as a result of these challenges. The least reported issue, affecting 4.71% of theindividuals, is broken fishing gear. Overall, the table reflects that multiple adverse factorscontribute to the difficulties faced by this fishing community, with a total of 85 instances ofnegative impacts reported. Assistance/Received Support Needed. Table 23 presents the types of assistance orsupport needed by the respondents. It reveals that the highest assistance or received supportneeded is diesel which has a frequency of 40 or 38.83 percent while the lowest belongs to cashassistance which has a frequency of 3 or 2.91 percent.
Table 23Assistance/Received Support NeededImpactFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Foods2221.36Diesel4038.83Fish Net3836.89Cash Assistance32.91Total103100According to the table, the most required sorts of help among the fisherfolk arediesel(38.83%), fish nets (36.89%), and food supplies (21.36%), with financial aid being theleast sought (2.91%). A total of 103 people stated that they required these various forms ofassistance. The most important requirements are diesel and fishnets, which perhaps indicates howimportant it is to keep up fishing activities and fuel for their everyday operations. Contribution to Well-being. Table 24 highlights the various contributions to thewell-being of the respondents. The most significant contribution to well-being comes fromfinancial savings and cost reduction, with 46 respondents (65.71%) indicating this benefit. Theleast recognized contribution to well-being is "no benefit perceived," noted by 8 respondents(11.43%).
Table 24Contribution to Well-beingImpactFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Financial Savings/CostReduction4665.71Support for Livelihood(fishing-related materials)1622.86No Benefit Perceived811.43Total70100The table presents the given contributions to well-being. Most of the population(65.71%) stated that the help resulted in financial savings or cost reductions, which is crucialfor lessening their financial load. Furthermore, 22.86% of the participants reported receivingassistance for their livelihood, specifically for supplies connected to fishing, underscoring theneed of maintaining their standard of life. Nevertheless, 11.43% of the respondents felt that thehelp they received was ineffective. Organizations/Agencies. Table 25 presents the organization/agencies that can providethe assistance of fisherfolks. It shows that the majority organizations/agencies belong to theMunicipal Office with a frequency of 31 or 36.05 percent, followed by BFAR with a frequencyof 22 or 25.58 percent, next is DSWD with a frequency of 16 or 18.60 percent, then DOLE witha frequency of 14 or 16.28 percent and Barangay with a frequency of 3 or 3.49 percent.
Table 25Organizations/AgenciesOrganizationFrequency (f)Percentage (%)DSWD1618.60Municipal Office3136.05Barangay33.49BFAR2225.58DOLE1416.28Total86100The table shows the organizations or agencies that assisted. In terms of support, theMunicipal Office gave the highest (36.05%), followed by BFAR (25.58%), DSWD (18.60%),and DOLE (16.28%). The Barangay gave the least amount of aid (3.49%). This demonstrateshow several government agencies work together to assist, with the Municipal Office meeting themajority of the community's requirements. The municipality of Boracay, Philippines intervened to assist fishermen in rebuildingtheir livelihoods following Typhoon Rolly's devastation, with the backing of the United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP). The fishermen were able to get back to work after they gavethem fishing gear including nets and basins. Some fishermen also got financial aid, which theymight use to look into alternative sources of income and lower their financial risks in hard times(Balaan, 2021).
Food Shortages. Table 26 shows the food shortages of the respondents wherein 49 or 70percent experience food shortages while 21 or 30 percent do not. Table 26Food ShortagesFood ShortagesFrequency (f)Percentage (%)Yes4970No2130Total70100The data indicates that a significant majority of respondents, 49 individuals, representing70% of the sample, affirmed experiencing food shortages. This high frequency shows that foodinsecurity is a pressing issue affecting a large segment of the population. The implications ofthese findings are profound, as it highlights the need for immediate attention and intervention toaddress the underlying causes of food scarcity. Factors contributing to this issue may includeeconomic constraints, low income among households, particularly those reliant on fishing as alivelihood. Weather conditions, such as storms or rough seas, often prevent fishermen from goingout to sea, leading to reduced income. This in turn affects their ability to purchase adequate food,leaving them vulnerable to food scarcity. Moreover, 21 respondents, or 30% indicated that theydid not experience food shortages. While this suggests that some households may have morestable sources of income or better coping mechanisms, the larger percentage of thoseexperiencing food shortages highlights the widespread impact of weather-related incomedisruptions.
According to Bah et al., (2018), the top climatic consequences were irregular rainfall,increased winds, increased warmth, drought, and flood. Increasing danger and uncertainty infishing, a decrease in fish capture, improper fishing methods used by certain foreign fishermen, alack of storage facilities for their fish stock, and high fish mortality are just a few of the issuesthese fishermen confront. For the rural poor, this results in low income and productivity, as wellas food insecurity. The data shows the significant relationship between food shortages and the incomeinstability faced by fisherfolks due to weather conditions. Addressing these challenges throughsustainable livelihood programs could help mitigate the effects of food shortages in the barangay.
Chapter 5SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONSThis chapter presents the conclusion and recommendation based on the collected data, aswell as a brief overview of the data gathering procedures and data collection applied from thisstudy. The acquired data is evaluated and summarized in order to provide findings in a simpleway. It also provides a summary of findings regarding the Needs Assessment of Fisherfolk ofBarangay Sabang, Vinzons, Camarines Norte: Basis for Policy Recommendation. This chapterproposed policy implementation for the fisherfolk of Barangay Sabang, Vinzons, CamarinesNorte.Summary This study aimed to identify the Needs of the Fisherfolks in Barangay, Sabang, Vinzons,Camarines Norte, the following information was identified, the profile of the respondents interms of age, gender, civil status, and educational attainment. registration (FishR/BoatR),membership in organizations, sources of income (primary /secondary), monthly income, assetsacquired from fishing; and household size; the primary needs, challenges, policies andordinances, impact, and proposed an alternative livelihood policy to improve their livingstandards. The respondents of this study were the Fisherfolk of Barangay Sabang, Vinzons,Camarines Norte with a total number of seventy-six (70 respondents. The respondents wereselected through the use of the random sampling technique. This study used the descriptivesurvey method particularly the usage of the questionnaire in gathering the data from the
respondents. In analyzing the data gathered from the respondents, the researchers used statisticaltools such as percentage, weighted mean, and ranking.Findings The findings of the study are as follows: 1.In terms of the respondents' demographic profile, the majority of the respondents belong tothe prime working years (25-54 years old) with the highest frequency of 51 or 72.86 percentand to the elderly (65 and above years old) with the lowest frequency of 1 or 1.43 percent. Interms of gender, the majority are male with the highest frequency of 66 or 94.29, and femaleswith the lowest frequency of 4 or 5.71 percent. In terms of civil status, the majority aremarried with the highest frequency of 56 or 80.00 percent, while the lowest got the frequencyof 1 or 1.43 under the category of separated. In terms of educational attainment, the majorityof the respondents are elementary graduates with the highest frequency of 31 or 44.29percent and the elementary undergraduate, vocational graduate and college graduate with thelowest frequency of 1 or 1.43 percent. In terms of registration, all the respondents areregistered fisherfolk indicating the frequency of 70 or 100 percent and the registered boatindicating the frequency of 52 or 74.29 percent. In terms of membership in organizations, thetotal number of respondents who are members of the organizations is 70 with 100 percent. Interms of organization, all the respondents belong to the organization namely “Samahan ngMaliliit na mga Mangingisda” made up 100 percent. In terms of sources of income, themajority of the primary source of income is fishing with a frequency of 70 or 100 percent. Interms of secondary income, the majority of the respondents belong to construction working
with the highest frequency of 8 or 33.33 percent and sari-sari store and market(fish) with thelowest frequency of 1 or 4.17. In terms of monthly income, the majority of main sources ofincome (70 respondents) fell into the "Poor" category, earning less than 12,030 Php eachmonth and only one respondent in the secondary income category is classified as "lowincome," earning between 12,030 and 24,060 Php per month. However, there are twosecondary income earners in the "Middle Class," earning between 48,120 and 84,210 PHPper month. In terms of assets acquired, the majority of the respondents acquired housing withthe highest frequency of 47 or 28.31 percent and the lowest were jewelry and gasoline, withthe frequency of 1 or 0.60 percent. In terms of assets acquired, the majority of assets arehousing with the highest frequency of 47 or 28.31 percent and jewelry and gasoline with thelowest frequency of 1 or 0.60 percent. In terms of household size the study revealed that thehighest households with a category of medium (5-10 members), with 43 or 61.43 percent,while the lowest got the frequency of 27 or 38.57 percent under the category of a small (2-4members). 2.In terms of the respondents' fishing profile, the majority of the respondents have 11-20 yearsof fishing experience, with the highest frequency of 29 or 41.43 percent. On the other hand,both the 0-10- and 41-50-years categories have the lowest frequency of 7 or 10.00 percenteach. As for fishing frequency, all 70 respondents, or 100 percent, reported fishing daily,indicating a high level of activity in their fishing routines. Regarding the time of fishing, themajority of the respondents, 64 or 91.43 percent, prefer fishing in the early morning (1:00AM5:00 AM), while the lowest frequency of 1.43 percent, or 4 individuals, prefer fishing inthe evening (5:00 PM-9:00 PM). In terms of commonly caught species, the Short-BodiedMackerel and Skipjack Tuna are the most frequently caught species, each with a frequency of
62 or 29.67 percent of the total catch. The lowest frequencies are found with the Anchovy,Dolphinfish, Herring/Sardine, and Indian Mackerel, each caught only once, representing 0.5percent of the total catch. Regarding the total catch per fishing trip, price per kilogram, andcatch utilization, the Skipjack Tuna was revealed as the species with the highest averagecatch per fishing trip, while Anchovy commanded the highest price per kilogram at 200pesos. Most of the catch is directed toward sale, while some species are used for both saleand household consumption, reflecting a dual-purpose approach to the utilization of thecatch. As for fishing gear, the majority of respondents use gill nets, with the highestfrequency of 69 or 98.57 percent. Hook and line fishing is far less common, with only 5respondents, or 7.14 percent, using this method.3.In terms of the primary needs of fisherfolk, the most primary need of fisherfolk was fishinggear with highest frequency of 69, representing 41.57 percent and food with the lowestfrequency of 3 representing 1.81 percent. In terms of the primary challenges faced by thefisherfolk, the majority primary challenges of the respondents are rough seas with the highestfrequency of 56 or 75.68 percent, while illegal fishing with the lowest frequency of 2 or 2.70percent. In terms of the existing policies and ordinances relative to fishing, the study revealedthat the highest frequency is fishing restrictions, with the frequency of 41 or 58.57 percent,while the lowest is enforcement issues with a frequency of 12 or 17.14 percent. Furthermore,in terms of the challenges impacting livelihood and well-being, the study revealed that thehighest frequency is lack of income, with the frequency of 27 or 31.76% of the population,while the lowest is broken gears with a frequency of 4 or 4.71 percent. In terms ofassistance/received support needed, the study shows that diesel is the highest with afrequency of 40 or 38.83 percent, and the lowest is cash assistance with a frequency of 3 or
2.91 percent. In terms of contribution to well-being, it revealed that the highest of thecontribution is financial savings or cost reductions with a frequency of 46 or 65.71 percent,and the lowest is no benefit received with a frequency of 8 or 11.43 percent. In terms of theorganizations/agencies, the study revealed that the highest in terms of support or provideassistance is the Municipal Office, with a frequency of 31 or 36.05 percent, while the lowestis barangay with a frequency of 3 or 3.49 percent. In terms of the food shortages, themajority of the respondents which responded to yes with the highest frequency of 49 or 70percent, and response to no got the lowest frequency of 2 or 30 percent. Conclusions Based on the findings gathered from the study, the following conclusion wereaccumulated: 1.Most respondents were 25-54 years old, male, married, elementary graduate, FishR, memberof organization, Samahan ng Maliliit na mga Mangingisda, primary income is fishing andsecondary income is construction worker, has monthly income of less than 12, 030 Php,assets acquired of furniture and fixtures, and has a household size of 5-10 members(medium). 2.Concerning the fishing experience, frequency, and practices of fisherfolk in BarangaySabang, the respondents have considerable knowledge and engagement in daily fishingactivities, with the majority having 11-20 years of experience. On the other hand, no oneindicated going fishing on a week or monthly basis, meaning that there is a very active andregular fishing schedule. With regards to the species caught and fishing techniques employed,the respondents also have sufficient knowledge on the capturing of target species such as theSkipjack Tuna and the Short-Bodied Mackerel, which are the mainstay of their catch.
3.It is identified that the problems encountered by the fisherfolk in Barangay Sabang were therough seas. This challenge limits their ability to fish safely and directly affects their incomeand access to resources. Moreover, some of the fisherfolk viewed illegal fishing as 4.a problem. This suggests that illegal fishing may still exist; these are not regarded as a majorissue when compared to the more dynamic and real threats presented by the weather in theform of rough seas. The researchers emphasized the need for targeted interventions to mitigate environmentalchallenges, support income diversification, and enhance the overall wellbeing of the fishingcommunity in Barangay Sabang. Recommendations Based on the research findings and conclusion, the following are the recommendations of theresearcher: 1.This study emphasizes the community's reliance on its most physically capable individuals tosupport their primary livelihood. The low number of minors and old people engaged infishing activities highlights the difficult nature of this work. These findings suggest that anyinterventions or support programs from the government or LGU may prioritize the well-being and sustainability of the prime and mature working age groups, while also looking intostrategies to engage young people and provide assistance to the elderly. 2.It was recommended that government agencies such as the Local Government Unit (LGU),Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), and Bureau of Fisheries and AquaticResources (BFAR) implement alternative livelihood programs for the fisherfolk of BarangaySabang, Vinzons, Camarines Norte that directly help them earn additional income. Such
programs may consist of aquaculture skills training, food processing/preservation,craftsmanship, seaweed farming, and fish processing among others that will widen theirincome-generating activities. It is also worth considering the promotion of eco-tourism,crafts-making, and sustainable marine cultivation as new economic activities to avoidexcessive reliance on fishing alone. 3.In terms of skill development they may provide vocational training in areas like welding,livestock and poultry raising (chicken, pigs, goat, etc.), and small business management tobroaden employment options. 4.It is suggested that attention of the future researchers should also be directed at evaluating theparticular characteristics of the fisherfolk along with the issues that impact them such asenvironmental, economic, and policy issues. On the other hand, it is recommended thatpsychosociological studies should also assess the factors of modern technology, combinedwith local practices, improve and reinforces the main occupation of the people under studyand investigate the role of education, skill development, and community resilience initiativesin addressing the problems faced by fisherfolk. 5.It may conduct safety training and drills to minimize risks associated with rough seas andimprove fisherfolk’s emergency preparedness. By regularly conducting these safety trainingand drills, fisherfolks will be better prepared to handle the unpredictable and often hazardousconditions they face at sea, thereby minimizing risks and enhancing their overall safety. Thisproactive approach not only ensures their well-being but also contributes to the resilience andstability of the community.
Proposed Policy Plan “Empowering Fisherfolks: A Policy for Sustainable Livelihoods" I. PurposeThe purpose of this policy is to provide sustainable livelihood support to thefisherfolk of Barangay Sabang, ensuring the long-term economic stability of thecommunity, and also to improve their living standards. II. Scope This policy focuses on the registered fisherfolk of Barangay Sabang, particularlythose for whom fishing is the primary source of livelihood. III. Policy Statement The Local Government Unit, in coordination with Barangay Officials, commits toenhancing the economic resilience and sustainability of fisherfolk in BarangaySabang. This policy entails the implementation of various livelihood programsdesigned to increase the income-generating capacity of the community. Theprograms will encompass comprehensive training sessions, improved access tofinancing options, and the distribution of essential fishing equipment. Through
these initiatives, the policy aims to support the fisherfolk in achieving greatereconomic stability and long-term sustainable livelihood to improve their lives. IV. Definitions Aquaculture– The cultivation of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweed incontrolled environments for commercial use. Fisher folks– Individuals who engage in fishing as their primary livelihood.Fishery Laws and Regulations– Legal frameworks established by national or localgovernments to regulate fishing activities, promote resource conservation, and protect therights and welfare of fisherfolks. Fishing Gear– The tools and equipment used in fishing activities, such as nets, boats, and traps.The use of appropriate fishing gear is often regulated to ensure sustainability.Income Diversification–Encouraging fisherfolks to engage in alternative livelihoods orsupplementary income-generating activities to reduce dependence on fishing and increasefinancial stability. Market Access– The ability of fisherfolks to reach and sell their products in local, regional, orinternational markets, often influenced by infrastructure, transportation, and value chains.Sustainable livelihood– Economic activities that provide long-term, stable income withoutdepleting resources.
V. Roles and Responsibilities Barangay Officials – Responsible for overseeing the implementation of the livelihoodprograms. Fisher Folks Association – Act as the beneficiary and partner in programimplementation and monitoring. Local Government Unit (LGU) – Provide funding, resources, and policy support forlivelihood programs. Ensure alignment with regional and national policies. Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) – Conduct safety training and drills, and provideemergency response support. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)– Manage coastal andmarine ecosystems to protect habitats critical to fisheries, and monitor compliance withenvironmental laws and support restoration programs. Department of Agriculture– Provide technical assistance, training, and resources forfisherfolk development, also monitor and enforce fishery laws and regulations.Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)– Develop and delivertraining modules, provide expertise, and support vocational training initiatives. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) – *promote employment opportunitiesfor fisherfolks, especially during off-peak fishing seasons (e.g., livelihooddiversification or alternative income sources). Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)– Training on sustainable fishingpractices, and ensuring compliance with fishing regulations. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)– Support educational programs, resourcemobilization, and facilitate access to microfinance.
Private Sector Partners – Invest in infrastructure, provide market linkages, and supportthe distribution of modern fishing equipment. VI. Implementation Procedures 1. Registration and Verification Initial outreach: Schedule a community meeting to inform fishermen aboutthe program, its benefits, and the registration process. Registration Campaign:Place registration stations in important locations across Barangay Sabang.Fishermen must present the required papers and evidence of residence. Database Creation: Create a complete database of registered fishermen totrack eligibility and program participation. Verification Process: Conduct house visits to ensure the registrations'authenticity and cross-check them with current FishR/BoatR records. 2. Training ProgramsPlanning and Coordination: Collaborate with local NGOs to design quarterlytraining modules focusing on sustainable fishing practices, safety, andalternative livelihood skills. Schedule and Venue: Set up a calendar for training sessions and secureappropriate venues within the barangay for conducting these sessions. Resource Allocation: Allocate budget and resources for training materials,instructors, and logistical support. Participant Recruitment: Encourage registered fisherfolk to participate in thetraining through community announcement and direct invitations.
3. Equipment DistributionNeeds Assessment: Conduct a survey to identify the specific equipment needs ofthe fisherfolk.Procurement and Inventory: Procure the necessary fishing equipment andmaintain an inventory to ensure fair distribution.Distribution Plan: Develop a distribution plan that prioritizes the most needy andactive fisherfolk.Follow-Up and Support: Conduct follow-up visits to ensure the proper use andmaintenance of the distributed equipment.4. Monitoring and Evaluation Regular Check-Ins: Schedule regular check-ins with fisherfolk to assess theimpact of the livelihood programs and address any issues. Data Collection: Collect data on program participation, income changes, andoverall community well-being. Program Adjustments: Use the collected data to make informed adjustments tothe programs, ensuring they remain effective and relevant. Feedback Mechanisms: Implement feedback mechanisms, such as surveys andcommunity meetings, to gather input from the fisherfolk on the effectiveness ofthe programs.
5. Reporting and Accountability: Regular Reporting: Generate quarterly and annual reports on the progress of the policy implementation, highlighting successes and areas for improvement. Transparency: Ensure transparency in all processes by keeping the community informed and involved in decision-making. Accountability Measures: Establish accountability measures to ensure that allstakeholders, including barangay officials and program partners, adhere to thepolicy guidelines. VIII. Amendments This policy may be amended through a collaborative process involving theBarangay Council and the fisherfolk community. Amendments will be based on insightsand feedback obtained from the results of the annual evaluation. The consultation processensures that any changes to the policy are reflective of the evolving needs and challengesfaced by the fisherfolk, thereby maintaining the policy's relevance and effectiveness insupporting their livelihoods.IX. Effective Date This policy shall take effect in 2026.
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