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Foreign Related Literature The Origin and Definition of Zoological ParksThe term “zoo” originated with the London Zoological Gardens, which welcomed visitors in 1847 after being established for scientific study in 1828. (UN Academy, 2023) The name “zoological garden” refers to zoology or the study of animals. A zoo is a place where captive animals are kept and displayed for public viewing. Zoos house has a wide variety of native animals from all over the earth. They are currently used for breeding endangered species and for maintaining of wild animals. The wealthy established the first zoos as private collections to demonstrate their power. (National Geographic Education, 2023)Current Global State of Zoological Parks Zoos around the world are more and more embracing conservation-oriented goals. They encounter difficulties like financial stability and ethical issues related to animal well-being. There is a noticeable move towards incorporating sustainable methods, as zoos are taking steps to minimize their environmental impact while improving educational efforts. (Marsh, J. 2024)Advantage and Disadvantage of Zoological ParksZoos offer many advantages, such as boosting public awareness of wildlifeconservation and making major contributions to conservation efforts through breeding programs for endangered species. (Endangered SpeciesCoalition, 2024).But they also face criticism for ethical reasons, especially when it comes to keeping animals in captivity, which can cause stress andpsychological problems. Animal welfare can be compromised by the fact that many zoos find it difficult to replicate natural habitats. (Zoo Victoria, n.d.).Importance of Sustainability in Zoological Parks Ensuring long-term conservation goals in zoological parks is highly dependent on sustainability. This includes adopting measures to minimize environmental impact and support biodiversity. Zoos that are sustainable play a role in maintaining ecological balance by participating in habitat restoration and educating the community. (Association of Zoos and Aquariums,2024) Additionally, by producing immersive environments that reflect natural ecosystems, sustainable practices improve the overall experience of visitors. As a result, numerous organizations are establishing challenging sustainability goals that are aligned with global environmental goals. (Animal Concepts 2023)Sustainability Strategies for Urban Zoos in Developed Countries
Rainwater harvesting systems and solar energy installations are examplesof green infrastructure solutions that many zoos are implementing. (John Ball Zoo,2024) The zoo produces renewable energy to power its activities, demonstrating its forward-thinking commitment to environmental conservation. As well as, the Cincinnati Zoo is working towards achieving zero waste by 2025, with a focus on getting the community involved in recycling and composting programs. (Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden. (2024) The Woodland Park Zoo implements comprehensive recycling programs and composting initiatives to educate visitors about responsible waste management practices.( Woodland Park Zoo,n.d.) Foreign StudiesSustainable Practices in ZoosA study published by the Woodland Park Zoo emphasizes the importance it is to integrate sustainability into zoo operations. The zoo minimized its environmental impact through the implementation of energy-efficient practices, composting initiatives, and recycle programs. These efforts promote a sustainable culture in the community by reducing trash and providing visitors with educational materials. (Woodland Park Zoo, n.d.).Impact of Zoo Visits on Environmental BehaviorSouthern Illinois University research shown that zoo visits as a youngster had a major impact on sustainable habits as an adult. According to the survey, people who often went to zoos were more likely to recycle as well as conservation efforts, among other sustainable practices. This implies that zoos can be quite effective in encouraging tourists to live sustainably and with knowledge of the environment. (Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2021)Zoos as Urban Green SpacesA analysis of zoos' role as urban green spaces that support biodiversity conservation was published in Zooscape Ecology. The study emphasized, zoos support ecological health and offer habitats for native species, which makes them essential components of urban sustainability strategies. Zoosmay improve urban resilience by creating landscape that benefit both animals and people. (Ross, S. R., & Lukas, K. E, 2022).Sustainability Practices at Barcelona ZooThe Barcelona Zoo has put in place a comprehensive sustainability plan that emphasizes reducing on food waste, doing with single-use plastics,
and encouraging the use of locally grown, ecological food for its animals. The zoo's action plan, which is in line with the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN, demonstrates its dedication to biodiversity and environmental education. Through a number of educational programs, thezoo hopes to raise community awareness and reach 99% recycling of its garbage (Zoo Barcelona, 2021).Community Engagement in ZoosAccording to a study, community involvement is crucial for increasing zoo membership and sustainability initiatives. Zoos can encourage visitors' sense of responsibility and conservation education by working with local schools and environmental organizations. In addition to strengthening community ties, this involvement advances the zoos' environmental stewardship and wildlife preservation goals (ACME Ticketing, 2022).Local Related Literature Zoological Parks in the Philippines In the Philippines, there are 77 zoos in total but, there are 62 zoos that do not have a website. (Rentech Digital, 2024) Urban zoos such as the ManilaZoo and Malabon Zoo are essential to the conservation and education of wildlife in the Philippines. However, a lot of local zoos face financial and infrastructure issues that have a impact on how well they operate. (Zoopedia.org, n.d.) Although the Philippine government acknowledges the value of these organizations, it frequently lacks the funding needed to provide them with full support.Wildlife Conservation in the Philippines and and Protection ActIn the Philippines, regulations like Republic Act 9147, which prioritizes the preservation of wildlife resources, regulate wildlife conservation. (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2023) This law seeks to improve biodiversityand ecological balance through a range of initiatives, however enforcement is still difficult because of limited resources. Through their involvement in breeding programs for regionally endangered species, localzoological parks make an important contribution to these efforts. In order to increase public knowledge of regional wildlife issues, they also participate in outreach programs for the community. (Manila Bulletin, 2020)Conservation of Endangered Species and Wildlife in the Philippines
Many local zoos face various challenges such as financial limitations, as they are often privately owned and heavily reliant on ticket sales for funding One News. (2020). Reports suggest that some animals endure substandard living conditions due to inadequate management practices. Moreover, there is a growing doubt among the public about the effectiveness of zoos in advancing conservation efforts. The Manila Zoo had to temporarily shut down due to pollution concerns raised by environmental authorities, which underscores the persistent problems related to waste management practices within these establishments. (Bulan, A. A, 2019) Additionally, the lack of access to funding impedes essential renovations that could significantly enhance animal welfare standards. Sustainability Practices of Urban Zoos in Metro ManilaThe urban zoos in Metro Manila have been focusing on enhancing sustainability through various initiatives. For example, the implementationof waste management systems, including sewage treatment facilities, has led to a significant reduction in pollution levels. (Manila Bulletin, 2020) Projects for urban agriculture aim to establish gardens within zoo premisesto sustainably provide food for herbivorous animals, especially during times when external supplies may be limited due to emergencies such as pandemics or natural disasters. (One News 2020) Moreover, involving local communities in volunteer programs helps improve zoo maintenance efforts and fosters a sense of ownership among residents toward their local attractions.Importance of Social Sustainability in Zoological ParksMaintaining sustainability, in zoos is essential for encouraging community involvement and raising awareness about conservation efforts. Zoological parks play a role as hubs that bridge the gap between the public and wildlife species by deepening their knowledge and respect for biodiversity.Research has shown that zoos effectively interact with communities through outreach activities to garner backing, for conservation projects and promote eco friendly practices. (Carreon et al., 2019)Importance of Environmental Sustainability in Zoological ParksEnvironmental sustainability is a top priority for zoological parks, leading to the implementation of various approaches to minimize their environmental impact. The facilities and services at the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden has highlighted the need for improvements to attract visitors and advance conservation efforts. (Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden, 2023)Importance of Economic Sustainability in Zoological Parks
Zoos can continue to operate while making a beneficial impact on local economies due to economic sustainability. Zoos may fund conservation efforts locally and internationally by making money from ticket sales, membership fees, and donations. Another important factor is the creation of jobs; zoos offer employment opportunities that benefit nearby communities. Revitalizing urban zoos frequently results in more job openings and local economic growth. (Standrews Economist, 2024)Local StudiesSustainability Initiatives at Manila ZooA part of the Manila Zoo has been transformed into an organic urban farm in order to provide food for its herbivorous animals during the COVID-19 pandemic. This program promotes sustainability practices within the establishment and ensures a self-sufficient food source by using animal manure as fertilizer for vegetables grown on-site (Manila Bulletin, 2020).Community Support for Malabon ZooLocal groups have started holding art contests to generate money for the maintenance of Malabon Zoo in response to the challenges caused by the pandemic. This community-driven effort emphasizes the value of zoos as educational resources for conservation and the importance of public participation in maintaining local wildlife facilities (Philippine News Agency, 2021).Public Perception of Urban Zoos' Role in ConservationPublic opinions about the role of urban zoos, such as Manila Zoo, to wildlife conservation efforts were examined in a study. In order to increasecredibility, several respondents expressed support for zoo projects while highlighting concerns about animal care procedures (Philippine Journal of Ecology, 2022).Ecotourism Development Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife CenterThe Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center aims to conserve biodiversity and become a top ecotourism destination. Tree-planting campaigns and educational programs on Philippine wildlife have been emphasized in recent research as ways to improve the country's natural environment. However, challenges like maintaining the facility and littering still affect the overall experience of visitors. (AFOCO,2022). For visitors, especially kids, to develop a conservation mindset, NAPWC's focus on educational activities is important. NAPWC hopes to boost participation by offering educational opportunities regarding wildlife preservation and endangered species. (Pandatu, J.K. , 2020).