Patrick Senay - LAB Building DNA
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Keystone Review PacketSpring201410thGrade Keystone Test PrepThis packet contains information to help you prepare for the upcoming Biology Keystone examon May 21stand 22nd. As you will see, this packet is broken down into several major themesthat the Keystone Exam will cover. Please take the time to read through and complete eachsection with your best possible efforts. The preparation you put into this packet will benefityou in that scoring proficient on the spring Keystone will ensure that you do not have to takethe exam again, nor will you have to participate in any intervention courses in the summerand/or next school year.Major themes covered in this packet:xThemes of LifexOrganic ChemistryxCells and Cell TransportxEnergyEach section will have major vocabulary words that you should be familiar with, the majorcontent anchors that you should be able to answer questions about, some questions that willrefresh your memory and additional practice questions meant to be similar to exam questions.Themes of Life
VocabularyBiologyBiotechnologyForensicsHomeostasisOrganOrgan systemOrganismScientific principleSciencetheoryhypothesiseukaryoteprokaryoteConcepts to KnowCharacteristics of Life:Living things are made of cells–Smallest unit of an organismthat is considered alive–Can be unicellular (bacteria) ormulticellular (humans)Living things reproduce–Asexual: formation of a neworganism from one parent.Offspring is a clone–Sexual: two cells fromdifferent parents unite toproduce the 1st cell of neworganismLiving things are based on a universalgenetic code–Based on 1 molecule that isalmost identical in every organism on earth: DNA(Deoxyribonucleic Acid)Living things grow and develop–Growth: an increase in size of an organism–Development: progression through a life cycleLiving things obtain materials and use energy–Autotroph: obtains energy from the sun–Heterotroph: obtains energy from consuming other organisms.Living things respond to environmentex. Find shelter from rainex. Hibernating to survive the winterex. Produce toxins to ward off predatorsLiving things maintain a stable internal environment–Homeostasis: keeping internal condition stable relative to the external environmentLiving things change over time (evolve)
–Populations evolve over time1.Read through the characteristics of life on this page. These 8 characteristics are what tell biologists if somethingis living or non‐living. Remember, biology literally means “Study of life”.2.Look at the images below. Each one is related to a characteristic of life. Some images may be related to morethan one characteristic of life. See if you can match at least one characteristic of life to each image:A._____Made of cells_________C. ___Reproduction_(cellular)______D. ___Evolution (change)B. _____Respond to EnvironmentE.____Genetic Code_F.___Growth and DevelopmentH._Homeostasis (stable internal Env.)G._____Made of Cells______
I.___Photosynthesis (obtain/use energy)Structure and Function:Structure and function is a central theme to the study of biology. Each major group of organisms has evolved its ownparticular body part “tool kit” – a collection of structures that have evolved in ways that make particular functionspossible. From capturing food to digesting it, and from reproducing to breathing, organisms use structures that haveevolved into different forms as species have adapted to life in different environments. The structure of wings, forexample enable birds and insects to fly. The structures of legs enable horses to gallop and kangaroos to hop.ÎExamine the figure below that shows carnivore and herbivore skulls. Don’t forget to read the captions!Now, since you’ve got some specific ideas about what structure and function are all about answer the questions below:1.Think about your own teeth. What kinds of foods do you think human teeth are suited for?We have reducedcanines, incisors, and broad molars and pre‐molars. Teeth shape fits well with plant eating and meat eating. Dowe kill prey with our teeth? NO! Homo sapiens fashioned tools for hunting, gathered and started to cook meat,the shape of our teeth likely changed to fit our meat and plant diet.2.List at leastthreeways the structure of human teeth serve the function of eating meat and plant material.a._Incisors clip and cut plant material/meat_(chisel shaped)_____________b._Human molars grind plant material to aid in digestion (flat/broad)__c.Our canines are very small and not very pointed – likely because although we eat meat we don’t actuallyhave to puncture and pierce it with our teeth to kill the prey (we use tools to hunt and kill the preyinstead).
3.Now, last but not least apply the theme of structure and function to something you’re very familiar with ‐ yourhands. List out all the ways you can think of that the structure of your hands serve the function of your hands.Hint – you are a primate!Human hands are capable of an amazingly complex range of motions. Open your hand and close it, move itfrom side to side and observe how your wrist rotates and muscles/ligaments move in your forearm.The hand can: grasp/hold (can your cat or dog hold a pencil in one paw, or hold a pencil at all?) manipulate fineobjects (27 bones allow a fine range of movement and precision only capable with a hand), opposable thumbs(allow grasping and manipulation of small objects – you can tough each of your fingers to your thumb – this isspecial! Few organisms can do this! The complex arrangement of bones, muscles, ligaments and tendons thatforms your palm, fingers and opposable thumb all allow you to grip, throw, and manipulate objects.Levels of OrganizationThe specialized cells of multicellular organisms are organized into an organ system, as shown above. A tissue is a groupof similar cells that perform a particular function. Many tissues work together as an organ to complete complicatedtasks. A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function is called an organ system.3. The Venn diagram to the right consists of four concentric circles.Complete the diagram to show the relationships among fourlevels of organization of life. Use the termscells, organ,organsystem,andtissue.Inner circle to outer: cells, tissue, organ, organ system,Organism would be placed in a circle outside allthe others. (life is cellular)4.See if you can include the level of organization called “organism”in the Venn diagram. Show where it would be added.The diagram to the left shows a few of the different types of cells found in yourbody. Luckily, the cells in our body are specialized. Some cells are specialized to
move, to react to the environment; still others to produce substance that theorganism needs. Each of these specialized cells contributes to homeostasis inthe organism.Describe how cells of a multicellular organism are like a baseball team, orchoose any type of team you like.If we used a human, the brain cells would be like the coach directing activities andcalling plays, the players on the team would be the types of cells that perform tasks, or have jobs just like players.Heart cells (contracting together to pump blood), blood cells (carrying oxygen in the blood to other tissues), cells thatmake up your digestive system (providing the team with nourishment), nerve cells – the base coaches (telling theplayers how to move around the field – stimulating movement and bodily functions), muscle cells expanding andcontracting pulling on the skeleton (trainer making sure everyone is in working order), the Cells of the immune system(the team doctor), bone cells (the team manager supporting the team)Chemistry of water:Life is connected to water. Nearly 75% of our earthis covered in water. Why is it so special and vital toliving things? Let’s look at the chemistry of water. Noticein the diagram to the right that water is composed oftwo hydrogen atoms and one oxygen (H2O).The diagram shows that one side of the water moleculeispositively chargedand the other isnegatively charged.These opposite charges make water apolarmolecule.Thenegative oxygenof one water molecule is attracted to thepositive hydrogenofanother molecule forming ahydrogen bond. In other words water likes to stick to itself. Water sticking to water iscalledcohesion.Water sticking to something else is calledadhesion.5.In the diagram to the right use dotted lines to draw in thebonds that form between water molecules.Positives connect to negatives, up to four bonds per watermolecule.6.What is the name of this type of bond?Hydrogen or “H” bond7.What special property do the bonds give to water.Several: cohesion first and foremost (water sticking to itself).Creates surface tension on the water (water skipper can seemingly “walk” on water)It turns out that hydrogen bonds are important for a few more reasons. Hydrogen bonds give water ahigh specific heatand also cause water toexpand upon freezing.
Specific heatis the amount of energy required to raise one gram ofwater 1 degree Celsius.8.Can you think of a reason why water can absorb so much heat? Hint –think bondsHint – think bondsBefore water boils or undergoes andextreme temperature change hydrogenbonds must be broken. Weak hydrogenbonds give water a high specific heat.It turns out that water expands when frozen and actually becomeslessdensethan when in the liquid state. We call this frozen water ice,which we know floats.9.Challenge yourself to think of two ways that specific heat and the freezing point of water help support life onearth.Specific heat: keeps aquatic environments from experience extreme temperaturefluctuations, changes are gradual. Ice expands when frozen, floats on surface waterbodies and insulates aquatic organisms from extreme cold.Scientific Method/Scientific Terms:The scenes below show the steps involved in the scientific method read through the experimental scenario andanswer the questions below.
10. Based on the scenario what is the difference between a hypothesis and an inference?An inference is a general statement that refers to an observation and is generally not testable (something ismaking the grass grow more in location B)A hypothesis is a prediction that is testable and identifies a factor/variable that can be measured or tested tobetter understand a natural occurrence.SCIENCE IS A WAY OF KNOWING!11. How did the control group differ from the experimental group?There was no nitrogen on the control group. The control group is used for comparison to the experimentalgroup. This way we can see if results relate to the treatment with nitrogen or if grass would have grown thesame even without adding nitrogen.12. What were the dependent and independent variables?Independent variable (what experimenter controls) = nitrogenDependent variable (what is being measured) = growth of the grass13. What was the observation that started the research?Someone noticed that grass was growing taller in one place rather than another and they asked why that washappening?In science the wordtheoryapplies to a well‐tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations andhypotheses and that enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situationsAhypothesisis a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it.Identify whether each statement is a hypothesis or a theory. For a hypothesis, write an “H” on the line. For atheory, write a “T.”H14.The rate that grass grows is related to the amount of light it receives.T15.All life is related and descended from a common ancestor.T16.The universe began about 15 billion years ago.H17.New tennis balls bounce higher than old tennis balls.
H18.Caffeine raises blood pressure.19. Someone might argue against evolution and say that it’s “just a theory”. Why is this not a very good argument?Evolution is a theory, but remember, theories although they can’t be proven as fact, are supported by wide bodies ofevidence, experimental research and unify a variety of observations. Science assigns importance to theories and theyare used to make predictions about new situations. Evolution is supported by genetic, fossil, anatomical andembryological evidence; therefore it is accepted scientifically as true.Practice Questions:1.Which characteristic is shared byallprokaryotes and eukaryotes?a.ability to store hereditary informationb.use of organelles to control cell processesc.use of cellular respiration for energy released.ability to move in response to environmental stimuli2.Living organisms can be classified as prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Which two structures are common to bothprokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?a.cell wall and nucleusb.cell wall and chloroplastc.plasma membrane and nucleusd.plasma membrane and cytoplasm3.Alveoli are microscopic air sacs in the lungs of mammals. Which statementbestdescribes how the structure of thealveoli allows the lungs to function properly?a.They increase the amount of energy transferred from the lungs to the blood.b.They increase the flexibility of the lungs as they expand during inhalation.c.They increase the volume of the lungs, allowing more oxygen to be inhaled.d.They increase the surface area of the lungs, allowing efficient gas exchange.4.Which example is an activity that a fishmost likelyuses to maintain homeostasis within its body?a.using camouflage to avoid predatorsb.feeding at night to regulate body temperaturec.moving to deeper water to regulate metabolic wastesd.exchanging gases through its gills to regulate oxygen levels5.Which statement best describes an effect of the low density of frozen water in a lake?a.When water freezes, it contracts, decreasing the water level in a lake.b.Water in a lake freezes from the bottom up, killing most aquatic organisms.c.When water in a lake freezes, it floats, providing insulation for organisms below.d.Water removes thermal energy from the land around a lake, causing the lake to freeze.6.Which diagram best represents the relationship of the items in the list below?1.cell2.organ3.organelle4.organ systemW.X.
5.tissue6.whole organismY.Z.A.XB.YC.ZD.W7.Which property of water molecules explains the other properties listed below?a.Adhesionb.Cohesionc.Hydrogen bondd.Polar covalent bond8. One property of water that makes it unique is its density. Which example describes a result of this property?a.Polar bears float on ice floes to hunt for foodb.Trees transport water from their roots to their leavesc.Water strider insects walk on the surface of pond waterd.Plants receive enough light to grow under the surface of a lakeUse the picture below to answer question 9.9. The picture shows a water droplets hanging on the tip of a pine needle. How do the physical properties of waterresult in the image shown?a.Cohesion allows droplets to form, and adhesion keeps the droplet on the needle.b.Adhesion allows droplets to form, and cohesion keeps the droplet on the needle.c.Cohesion allows droplets to form, and capillary action keeps the droplet on the needle.d.Adhesion allows droplets to form, and capillary action keeps the droplet on the needle.10. Many trees in temperate environments have broad, flat leaves. How does this leaf structure support the function ofobtaining energy?a.A flatter surface allows more oxygen to enter the leafb.A flatter surface allows more water to be retained in the leaf during periods of dryness.c.A larger surface area allows more light to reach the mesophyll where photosynthetic cells are located.d.A larger surface area allows more room for photosynthetic cells.Open‐ended question:
11. The diagram shows a single‐celled freshwater protist. The contractile vacuole pumps water out of the cell.Part A:Describe how the function of the contractile vacuole helps the protist stay alive.______The function of the contractile vacuole is to maintain water balance in the organism, to mantain aconstant cell volume and/or to move unneeded material out of the cell. (maintains homeostasis.Part B:Describe how the same function is carried out in animals. Identify at least one organ or system involvedin this function._____________________________________________________________________________________________thekidneys of the excretory system carry out the same function in animals. Cells release metabolic wastes into theblood stream, and the circulatory system carries these wastes to the kidneys. There, the blood is filtered andthe wastes form urine, which is excreted from the bodyPart C:Describe how the same (or a similar) function is carried out in plants. Identify at least one organ,structure, or cell type involved in this function.__________________________________________________________________________________________________The stomata of plant leaves carry out a similar function in plants the stomata close to keep water vapor fromescaping the leaves. When the stomata open, gas exchange may occur in the leaf but water vapor may alsoescape.
Organic ChemistryVocabularyAdhesionCohesionAtomConcentrationBiological macromoleculesmonomerFreezing pointcarbohydrateamino acidproteinMacromoleculelipidnucleic acidenzymecatalystpHmoleculespecific heatorganic moleculeConcepts to Know1stIdea: Due to its properties, carbon is uniquely suited to form biological macromolecules.ÎUse the diagrams below to fill in the blanks and describe why carbon is so important to life.xCarbon has ___4 electrons___________ in the outer(valence) shelloValence shellenables easy formation of four covalent bondsoCovalent bondsinvolve ____sharing_________ of ___electrons_________ between two atoms
Carbonhas the ability to form long chains byforming several carbon to carbon bonds in arow. The diagram to the left depicts twofatty acids. What is different about thestructure of each?____One fatty acid is saturated (no doublebonds), while the other is unsaturated (hasat least one double bond).ÎUse the diagrams to fill in the blanks and describe how the variety of organic compounds can be explainedby carbon’s properties.xOrganic compounds– Contain carbon atoms bonded to _Hydrogen and Carbon_______________.xVarietyis created when carbon bonds to other atoms.xCovalent bondsbetween carbon atoms can be single, double or _triple_______ bondedxCarbon’sunique structureallows the formation of ___macromolecules_____ (large molecules)2ndIdea: Biological macromolecules form from monomers.ÎUse the diagrams to fill in the blanks and describe how carbon allows for the formation of macromolecules.oMacromoleculesare very large moleculesoMostmacromoleculesare polymersoPolymers_____are long chains of bonded groupso_Monomers____are the molecules that link to form polymers
oDehydration Synthesisinvolves the removal of a water molecule and is a common way forpolymers to form.oCarbohydrate polymers found in plants that comprise the cell wall or serves as a means to storesugar are __cellulose_______ and ____starch_____, respectively.oA carbohydrate polymer found in animals called ___glycogen_____ stores glucose in the liver.oHydrolysisis the process of adding water (H2O) breaking apart __polymers________MACROMOLECULES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONCarbohydrates are broken down throughhydrolysis to serve as fuel for the body or a sourceof carbonxSaccharidemeans sugarCarbohydrates can be__monosaccharide___(1 sugar)__disaccharide__,(2 sugars), or_polysaccharide___(more than 2 sugars)x_Mitochondria_____breaks down carbohydrates like glucose for use in cellular respirationxCellular respirationis the process through which the body generates energy, or _ATP___xStarchandcelluloseare polysaccharides comprised of long chains of _glucose__.
Lipids are nonpolar macromolecules made from long carbon chainsxLipids can befats, oils, phospholipids, waxes, or steroidsxFatsstore large amounts of energyx_Phospholipids_____compose cell membranesxSteroidsare made of four connected carbon rings with functional groupsattachedxLipidscan be saturated or ___unsaturated (no double bonds)xSaturatedlipids have a _linear__ shape and only single bonds between carbons, whileunsaturatedlipids have a nonlinear shape and have __double__ or triple bondsxFats and oilshave a basic structure that consists of one ___glycerol____________ connected to three_fatty acids__.Proteinsareamino acidpolymers that are essential to lifexAmino acidshave ___amino_____ and ____carboxyl______ groups. They are made unique by the “R”group that is attached to carbonx“R”is like a variable in algebra class. It can have many values (structures).xThe Functionof the amino acid is determined by the structure and conformation of the “R” groupxProteins are based on the different arrangement of 20 amino acid monomers.xThe unique _shape__ of a protein is vital to its __function___________.Nucleic acids(DNA and RNA)are polymersmade fromnucleotidesxNucleotidesare monomers that consist of pentose (the pentagon shape in the diagram) attached to aphosphate group and nitrogenous basexPentosecan be deoxyribose (as in DNA or deoxyribose nucleic acid) or ribose (as in RNA or____ribonucleic acid)xDNA and RNAare central to heredity/genetics and are made unique by the nitrogenous __bases__that are attachedxNitogenous basescan be cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U), adenine (A), or guanine (G)
xDNA based codes are actually _genes__ or segments of DNA that code for a particular __protein__.Macromolecules and Their FunctionClassMonomersFunctionsCarbohydratesMonosaccharidesEnergy, raw materials, energy storage, structuralcompoundsLipidsGlycerol, fattyacids, steroidsEnergy storage, membranes, steroids, hormones,waterproof coverings, oils, waxesProteinsAmino acidsEnzymes, membrane transport, movement,receptors, immune defense, structure (muscle, bone)Nucleic acidsNucleotidesHeredity, DNA and RNA code for amino acid sequenceof proteins3rdIdea:Enzymesare mostly macromoleculeproteinsthat act as biologicalcatalystsxCatalystsincrease the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction, catalysts lower theactivation required for the reaction to proceed.xSubstratesare the reactants on which enzymes (catalysts) workxRate of reactionin both directions is increased by the presence of specific enzymes.x_Active_ __Site___ refers to the part of an enzyme that interacts with a substrate
Therate of a reactioninvolving enzymes has to speed up at times and slow down at other times based on theneeds of the organism(to maintain homeostasis).ÎUse the video calledBozeman Science Enzymesto answer the questionsxThe process of turning enzymes on occurs through ______________ or ______________o______________means the body only produces the enzyme when it is neededxDeactivationof enzymes occurs through _____________ or ______________ inhibitionoCompetitive inhibitionmeans another chemical bonds with and ____________ the activesite of the enzymeo______________ inhibitionmeans another chemical bonds to the enzyme in a positionaway from the active site, but blocks or alters the active site as a result4thIdea:Enzyme reaction ratesare impacted bytemperature, pH & substrate concentrationxTemperatureis a measure of kinetic energyoKinetic energyis the energy of motion. Higher temperature means __faster___ movingparticles.oThenumber of collisionsbetween enzymes and substrates is increased if the particles movearound __faster__________ (higher temperature)oEnzymes do not function well above or below the __optimal_____ temperatureoThe enzyme denatures, or breaks down, if the enzyme gets too _hot____xpHmeasures acidityoEnzymes function best at the __optimal_____pH leveloIf the conditions are too acidic (low pH) or too basic (high pH), the enzyme may denaturexConcentrationis a measure of how many substrate molecules are present in a given volume.
o___Point___ _of___ __saturation___is the concentration where the reaction rate ismaximized, the active sites of the enzymes are all used adding more substrate does notincrease the rate of reaction.Practice Questions:1.Which statement correctly describes how carbon’s ability to form four bonds makes it uniquely suited to formmacromolecules?A.It forms short, simple carbon chains.B.It forms large, complex, diverse molecules.C.It forms covalent bonds with other carbon atoms.D.It forms covalent bonds that can exist in a single plane.Use the diagram below to answer the question.Chemical ReactionHO123H + HO4HHO1234H + H2O2.The diagram shows a reaction that forms a polymer from two monomers. What is this type of reaction called?A.glycolysisB.hydrolysisC.photosynthesisD.dehydration synthesis3.Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules. Which functional characteristic of proteinsdistinguishes them from carbohydrates?A.large amount of stored informationB.ability to catalyze biochemical reactionsC.efficient storage of usable chemical energyD.tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic4.Substance A is converted to substance B in a metabolic reaction. Which statementbestdescribes the role of anenzyme during this reaction?A.It adjusts the pH of the reaction medium.B.It provides energy to carry out the reaction.C.It dissolves substance A in the reaction medium.D.It speeds up the reaction without being consumed.5.A scientist observes that, when the pH of the environment surrounding an enzyme is changed, the rate the enzymecatalyzes a reaction greatly decreases. Which statementbestdescribes how a change in pH can affect an enzyme?A.A pH change can cause the enzyme to change its shape.B.A pH change can remove energy necessary to activate an enzyme.C.A pH change can add new molecules to the structure of the enzyme.D.A pH change can cause an enzyme to react with a different substrate.
6.Whenever biological organic compounds, such as proteins and carbohydrates, are broken down or synthesized...a.a phase change of matter results.b.thermal expansion occurs.c.sunlight is required.d.energy is absorbed or released.7.Why does an enzyme function as a catalyst in a reaction?a.It creates the right pH needed for the reaction.b.It decreases the amount of energy needed for the reaction.c.It provides the extra energy needed for the reaction.d.It maintains the proper temperature needed for the reaction.8.A single atom of carbon is joined to a hydrogen atom. What is the maximum number of double bonds the carbonatom may yet form?a.1b.2c.3d.49.Which of the following types of compounds is unlike the other three?a.wax .b.saturated fatc.phospholipidd.polysaccharide10. Which of the following isnotcreated as a result of dehydration synthesis?a.celluloseb.disaccharidec.glucosed.water11. Which pair of terms isnotcorrectly matched?a.Deoxyribose: RNA.b.Polypeptide: protein.c.Nitrogenous base; DNA.d.Amino acid: polypeptide.12. Which does not describe a function of proteins?a.They encode genetic informationb.They allow muscle cells to contract.c.They help to carry out chemical reactions.d.They make up structures that support the cell.Examine the structural formula below.
13. Which of the following biomolecules is best represented by this formula?a.nucleic acidb.proteinc.carbohydrated.lipid14. The enzyme lactase catalyzes the breakdown of lactose (milk sugar) to glucose and galactose. Students set up abeaker with milk and lactase enzyme. Which describes how the concentrations of these substances will change?a.The concentration of lactase will decrease, and the concentration of galactose will increase.b.The concentration of galactose will decrease, and the concentration of glucose will increasec.The concentration of galactose will increase, and the concentration of lactase will remain the same.d.The concentration of lactose will increase, and the concentration of glucose will remain that same.15. Organisms produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a by‐product of metabolism that is toxic to cells. The catalase proteincatalyzes the reaction shown below.2H2O2→ 2H2O + O2Which statement describes the reaction?a.Water is the substrate.b.Hydrogen peroxide is the enzyme.c.Catalase is consumed by the reaction.d.Oxygen gas is a product of the reaction.16. A reaction tube is set up at 37°C with twice as much substrate as enzyme. The pH level of the solution is 5. Thereaction rate is measured. Which of the following changes will not affect the rate of the reaction?a.Increasing the pH level.b.Increasing the temperature.c.Increasing the enzyme concentration.d.Increasing the substrate concentration.Open‐ended Question:17. The graph shows the rate of enzyme activity in relation to pH for twoenzymes – pepsin and pancreatic trypsin. Both enzymes break downproteins in food. Pepsin works within the stomach. Trypsin works in thesmall intestine.
Part A:What does the graph indicate about the pH of the stomach and small intestine?______The graph shows that pepsin functions best in a low‐pH (acidic) environment suggesting that the somachhas a pH between 2 and 3. Trypsin functions best at ta pH of about 6 or 7 suggesting that the pH of the smallintestine is about neutralPart B:The contents of the stomach are released into the small intestine. How does this affect the function ofthe pepsin that is included with the stomach contents?__When it travels to the small intestine, pepsin will become denatured by the high pH level. It will no longercatalyze the breakdown of proteinPart C:What is the advantage to having two different protein‐digesting enzymes, rather than just one?_________The advantage to having two enzymes is that each enzyme can function in the specific environmentof the stomach and small intestine. At least one enzyme functions in each part of the digestive tract. Thisensures the compete digestion of the protein in foodCells and Cell TransportVocabularycelltissuecell membrane (plasma membrane)nucleusribosomemitochondrionchloroplastprotein synthesisactive transportcarrier (transport) proteinsconcentration gradientdiffusionendocytosisendoplasmic reticulumendosymbiosisexocytosisfacilitated diffusionextracellulargolgi apparatusimpermeableintracellularorganelleosmosispassive transportplastidspumps (ion or molecular)unicellularmulticellular
What is the Cell Theory?a.All living things are made of cells.b.Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.c.New cells are produced from existing cells.Differences between Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells1.Prokaryotic Cells:Single‐celled organisms that lack internal membraneBound compartments (Genetic material (DNA) is in a circular molecule) (simple) i.e. bacteria.‐Hypothesized that the first type of cells on earth were prokaryotic2.Eukaryotic Cells:Cells with membrane bound organelles such as, the nucleus. (more complex) i.e. animal andplant and animal cells)3.Complete the Venn Diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.ProkaryoticEukaryoticNo NucleusCell membrane NucleusLess complexRibosomesComplexDNA circularcytoplasmMembrane bound organellesNo organellesDNA is linearDirections: Write aPif the statement refers to Prokaryotes and anEif the statementrefers to Eukaryotes, if the statement refers to both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes write aBon the line.__P_ 1. This type of cell does not have membrane bound organelles.__B_ 2. This type of cell contains DNA.__E_ 3. This type of cell contains organelles.__P_ 4. A bacterium is an example of this type of cell.__E_ 5. This type of cell contains a nucleus.Cell Structures & Functions
All cells are enclosed by acell membrane(plasma membrane). Within the membrane is thenucleus and the cytoplasm.Within the cytoplasm are organized structures that perform specific functions. These structures are calledorganelles.Please Note: The letters next to the structure of the cell indicates where the structure if foundA =animal cellsP = plant cells.AP = both plant and animal(A, P) Cell Membrane‐ surrounds the cell. It plays an active role in determining which substances enter and exit the cell.Some substances can pass freely through the cell membrane and others cannot, the membrane is said to be selectivelypermeable, or semipermeable. The cell membrane is composed primarily of lipids (phospholipids),proteins, and carbohydrates.(A, P) Nucleus‐ control center for all cell functions. Within the nucleus arechromosomes and at least one nucleolus. Thenucleolus is a site of rRNAsynthesis, and is responsible for the production of ribosomes.(A, P) Cytoplasm‐ the material in the cell outside the nucleus. It consistsmainly of water. Within the cytoplasm are the various organelles of the cell. The cytoplasmprovides the environment in which the organelles carry on the life processes of the cell.(A, P) Mitochondria‐ are found in the cytoplasm. Most stages of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria. Theenergy released during respiration is stored in the form of high‐energy chemical bonds in molecules of ATP.(P)Chloroplasts (also called plastids)‐contain green pigment called chlorophyll, which carries on the process ofphotosynthesis.Mitochondria & Chloroplast‐Developed from prokaryotic cells? WHAT?!?!Check out this really good explanation…relating to endosymbiotic theoryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAjev01mDZMRelated questions:1.Why are mitochondria and chloroplasts unique?They have their own DNA. Chlorplasts can conduct photosynthesis and mitochondriaGenerate energy rich ATP2.What are two characteristics about mitochondria and chloroplast that make them similar to prokaryotic bacteriacells? In other words, what evidence do scientists cite that supports endosymbiotic theory?The ribosome structure for both organelles is similar to prokaryotic ribosomes, both reproduce by binary fissionlike prokaryotes and the membranes of each are similar to prokaryotes.(A, P) Ribosomes‐ are small, dense granules (look like tiny circles on the diagrams) found free in the cytoplasm and onthe rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are composed mainly of RNA (rRNA). They are the centers of proteinsynthesis in the cell and consists of large and small subunits that join with mRNA and tRNA to make proteins fromdirections provided by____DNA______(a molecule contained in the nucleus) .
(A, P) Endoplasmic reticulum‐is a membrane‐bound system of channels or tubesthrough which materials are transported within the cell. The membranes of the ERmay also serve as sites of biochemical reactions. There are two types smooth andrough. The rough appearance is due to the presence of ribosomes on the membrane.Rough ERis found mainly in cells involved in protein synthesis.Smooth ERwhich hasno ribosomes, is found mainly in cells involved in synthesis of nonprotein substances.The ER forms vesicles for transport of proteins to other areas within the cell or to thegolgi apparatus.(A, P) Golgi Apparatus‐ is made up of a series of membrane‐enclosed sacs, and it is usually found near the nucleus. Thisorganelle is associated with the production of lysosomes and with the sorting and packaging of various cellular products.Produces transport vesicles (packages that move material inside or export material outsidethe cell)EXAMINE THE DIAGRAM BELOW, EXPLAIN THE PATH A NEWLY FORMED POLYPEPTIDELEAVING A RIBOSOME MAY TAKE AS IT IS MODIFIED OR PACKAGED BEFORE USE WITHINTHE CELL OR OUTSIDE THE CELL:__The polypeptide could proceed to the Rough ERFor further modification, then be transported viaA vesicle to the golgi for final packaging. From theGolgi it could be sent outside the cell using a vesicle.Note: typically proteins manufactured on freeRibosomes are used inside the cell and thoseManufactured on the rough ER leave the cell______________________________________(A) Lysosomes‐ are “packages” or sacs, of digestive enzymes. They keep the enzymes separated from the rest of the cellcontents until they are needed.(A, P) Vacuoles: are membrane‐enclosed structures that are generally filled with water containing various dissolvedsubstances. Vacuoles in animal cells are usually small, and vacuoles in plants are usually large. The pressure created bylarge water‐filled vacuoles pushing against cell walls in plant cells helps to maintain the rigid structure of the plant.(A) Centrioles‐are small organelles found just outside the nucleus in animal cells.Centrioles, assist with separatingchromosomes during animal cell division.(P) Cell Wall‐ structure found outside the cell membrane of plant cells. The cell wall is madeupmostly of cellulose (polysaccharide), and it provides support for the cell.(A, P)Cytoskeleton‐is a filamentous network of proteins that are associated with the processes that maintain andchange cell shape and produce cell movements in animal and bacteria cells. In plants, it is responsible for maintainingstructures within the plant cell, rather than whole cell movement.The main types of filaments themake up thecytoskeleton are Microfilaments (threadlike proteins) and Microtubules (tubes made of protein).
3.Use the following structure letters to label the structures indicated in the eukaryotic plant and animal cells.A.Cell membraneB.NucleusC.NucleolusD.ChromosomeE.Cell WallAB. CentrioleAC. MitochondriaAD. LysosomeAE. Endoplasmic reticulumBC. Golgi ApparatusBD. VacuoleBE. Chloroplast4.Fill in the names of the structures whose functions are listed below. Use the list of structures above for help.StructureFunctionMitochondriaCellular RespirationRibosomeProtein SynthesisDNA in nucleusContains the hereditary informationVacuoleStorage of water, undigested food, and/or wasteCentriolesActive in movement of the chromosomes duringcell divisionlysosomeStorage of digestive enzymesER/VesiclesTransport within the cytoplasmGolgi ApparatusPackages secretionsPhospholipid bilayer:The cell membrane is made of a lipid bilayer (two layers of phospholipids). Phospholipidshave two parts, a polar head and a non‐polar tail. Phospholipids are arranged with tailsfacing the interior of the membrane and polar heads facing out. The bilayer is flexibleand if disturbed will reorient itself given the polar nature of the phospholipids.ÎWatch this animation on the bilayer to see it in action.Cell membrane model (fluid mosaic)Cellular TransportThe cell membrane is semipermeable, some substances can pass through it freely,while others cannot. The movement of substances that can pass freely through themembrane depends on the concentration gradient of the substance, size of thesubstance and polarity of the substance.A.Passive Transport–Does not use energy–Moves from a high concentration to a low concentrationBDBEBEAEAECBCAECACAAEBACAEABBC
Examples:xDiffusion:The movement of particles from regions of higher concentration to regions oflower concentrationxFacilitated Diffusion: Transport proteins help ions and polar molecules diffuse throughthe membranexOsmosis:The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.Osmotic conditions:Isotonic– concentration of solute is the same on both sides ofthe membrane (equilibrium)Hypertonic– the solution with a greater concentration of soluteHypotonic– the solution with the lesser concentration of soluteB.Active Transport–Requires energy (usually energy used is from ATP)–Moves from alow concentration to ahigh concentrationExamples:xProtein Pumps:an integral protein that transports ions and small molecules against their concentrationgradients (ex. sodium potassium ion pump)xEndocytosis: The movement of a large substanceintoa cell by means of a vesiclexExocytosis:The movement of materialoutof a cell by means of a vesicleÎWatch this cool animation on the sodium‐potassium pump, and take the quiz! Record your answers to thequestions below as you take the quiz.http://highered.mcgraw‐hill.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter38/sodium‐potassium_exchange_pump.html1._A___2. _A___3. ___D_4. _A___5. _A___More Questions!8.What is passive transport?
Cellular transport that does not require energy. Substance moves from high concentration to low concentration(examples include osmosis, diffusion and facilitated diffusion)9.The paramecium is a fresh water protozoan. The salt content of its cytoplasm is greater than that of thesurrounding medium.a.Does water tend to enter or leave the paramecium? Is this process passive or active transport?Water tends to enter. The process is passive (osmosis)b.How does the paramecium expel water? Is this process passive or active transport? Explain.It actively pumps excess water out using it’s contractile vacuole. Active because the organism is moving thewater against the concentration gradient from low to high. This requires energy (ATP)10. Where does the energy for active transport come from and why is energy required for active transport?The energy comes from ATP, and is required because the movement is from low to high (like riding abike up a hill) against the concentration gradient.Practice Questions:1.Using a microscope, a student observes a small, green organelle in a plant cell. Which energy transformationmost likelyoccurs first within the observed organelle?a.ATP to lightb.light to chemicalc.heat to electricald.chemical to chemical2.Carbon dioxide and oxygen are molecules that can move freely across a plasma membrane. What determinesthe direction that carbon dioxide and oxygen molecules move?a.orientation of cholesterol in the plasma membraneb.concentration gradient across the plasma membranec.configuration of phospholipids in the plasma membraned.location of receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane3.A sodium‐potassium pump within a cell membrane requires energy to move sodium and potassium ions into orout of a cell. The movement of glucose into or out of a cell does not require energy. Which statementbestdescribes the movement of these materials across a cell membrane?a.Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by osmosis.b.Sodium and potassium ions move by active transport, and glucose moves by facilitated diffusion.c.Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by osmosis.d.Sodium and potassium ions move by facilitated diffusion, and glucose moves by active transport.4.The rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus work together in eukaryotic cells. What is one way thatthe rough endoplasmic reticulum assists the Golgi apparatus?a.It assembles nucleic acids from monomers.b.It breaks down old, damaged macromolecules.c.It packages new protein molecules into vesicles.d.It determines which protein molecules to synthesize.
In many eukaryotic cells, DNA stored in the nucleus is transcribed into messenger RNA. The mRNA is then transportedinto the cytoplasm where ribosomes assist in their translation into proteins. Finally, these proteins are packaged andsorted in the Golgi apparatus for use in other parts of the cell or in preparation for secretion into other cells.5.Which of the following statements is supported by this description?a.Various organelles within a cell interact with each other to carry out life processes.b.Organelles within a cell act independently of each other at all times.c.Some organelles are more important than other organelles within a cell.d.Only up to three organelles may interact with each other at any given moment in time.6.The cell membrane serves many functions. One of the cell membrane's functions is to help the cell maintainhomeostasis. Which of the following statements best supports this claim?a.The cell membrane contains a polar region and a nonpolar region.b.The cell membrane contains proteins.c.The cell membrane contains phospholipids.d.The cell membrane regulates what goes in and out of the cell.In order for nerve cells and muscle cells to function properly, they require a high concentration of potassium ions insidethe cells and a high concentration of sodium ions outside the cells.To maintain this condition, cells utilize sodium‐potassium pumps embedded within their cellular membranes to move theions against their concentration gradients.7.Since sodium‐potassium pumps require an input of energy to operate, they are an example of...a.passive transport.b.facilitated diffusion.c.filtration.d.active transport.8.Most organisms can be divided into two categories ‐ prokaryotes and eukaryotes. What is the main differencebetween these two categories?a.Eukaryotes are living organisms whereas prokaryotes include some nonliving matter.b.Prokaryotes do not possess any means of locomotion and are thus unable to move.c.Prokaryotes do not possess a nucleus or any other membrane‐bound organelles.d.Eukaryotes are found in all of the six major taxonomic kingdoms.
When a person inhales, oxygen fills tiny air sacs in the person's lungs. Next, the oxygen moves from these air sacs intosmall blood vessels that line the lungs, and then it moves into the bloodstream so that it can be transported around thebody. Oxygen moves by random molecular motion from the air sacs of the lungs to the blood vessels because theconcentration of oxygen in the air sacs is higher than the concentration of oxygen in the blood vessels.9.This movement of oxygen molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration isknown as _______.a.diffusionb.osmosisc.respirationd.photosynthesis10. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by removal of the cell'sa.lysosomes.b.plastids.c.chloroplasts.d.mitochondria.11. Which do the cells of an E. coli bacterium and an elephant have in common?a.Ribosomes to assemble proteinsb.Mitochondria to produce proteinsc.Chloroplasts found around the vacuoled.Chromosomes located in the cytoplasm12. A cell from which organism would most likely be the smallest?a.A sugar maple treeb.A five‐spotted ladybugc.A Saccharomyces yeastd.A Lactobacillus bacterium13. Which isnotan example of passive transport?a.Carbon dioxide in a capillary crosses the alveoli membranes of the lungs.b.Oxygen dissolved in the blood crosses the phospholipid portion of the membrane of a red blood cellc.Glucose molecules are transported by a carrier protein until its concentration onboth sides of the membrane is equald.Sodium ions move through a protein channel until there is a higher concentration in extracellularfluid than the cytoplasm14. What is one way that facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion?a.Facilitated diffusion requires energy inputb.Facilitated diffusion requires membrane proteinsc.Facilitated diffusion requires a concentration gradientd.Facilitated diffusion requires small, nonpolar molecules.15. Which of the following isnotinvolved in the transport of molecules by facilitated diffusion?a.ATPb.phospholipidsc.protein channelsd.concentration gradientOpen‐ended Question:
16. Materials in cells may be transported by passive or active processes, both of which may involve concentrationgradients, the phospholipid bilayer, and membrane proteins.Part A:Compare the role of concentration gradients in passive and active transport.____Concentration gradients cause passive transport to occur. If there is no concentration gradient, thenequilibrium has been reached and passive transport will not occur. Active transport can create and maintain aconcentration gradient with the use of energy.Part B:Compare the role of the phospholipid bilayer in passive and active transport._____In passive transport, materials move through the phospholipid bilayer if it is permeable to that substance.In active transport, the phospholipid bilayer forms vesicles that transport the materials contained inside, fusingwith other membranesPart C:compare the role of membrane proteins in passive and active transport._____In passive transport, membrane proteins may allow molecules or ions through the membrane. They donot use energy and cannot move substances against a concentration gradient. In active transport, proteinpumps use energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient. Membranereceptor proteins may also aid in endocytosis.EnergyVocabularyphotosynthesiscellular respirationelectron transport chainfermentationthylakoidcristaematrixmitochondriaanaerobickrebs cycleglycolysisstroma
aerobicATPConcepts to KnowWhat Does Life Need?ENERGY!!It either supplies itself (AUTOTROPH / self – feed) or it eats something (HETERO – TROPH / other – feed )TheLaws of Thermodynamicsdictate that no energy can be created or destroyed, it can only change forms. Chemicalbonds are literally energy. When you eat something, you get energy for movement or growth from the energy locked inthe food’s bonds. The trick to life is how to store that energy until you need it.The shortterm storage molecule thatALL life has evolved to use is adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.Catabolic PathwaysÆbreak down molecules sothatAnabolic PathwaysÆbuild up moleculesATP IS THE GO BETWEENLook at the figure to the right with the batteriesand flashlights.What is this visual analogy trying totell us aboutATP?__An uncharged battery is like theATP molecule missing a phosphate group(ADP).______How does a ADP become fully charged?When the ADP receives the third phosphategroup the molecule is fully charged (ATP).Remember that ATP is a reusable moleculeCycling between ADP and ATP.1stIdea: Cell RespirationxThe major way organisms harness energy.xLarge food molecules are taken in and ultimately the monosaccharideGLUCOSE is digested to capture its energyxC6H12O6+ 6O26CO2+ 6H20 + energyxThere are multiple steps to the breakdown of glucose so that notall of the energy is released at oncexThe steps are different depending if oxygen (aerobic)is present or not(anaerobic)xAerobic Respiration: glycolysisÆKrebs cycleÆelectron transportchain (ETC)xAnaerobic Respiration: glycolysisÆfermentationxGlycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm for prokaryotes and eukaryotesxThe Krebs Cycle and ETC occur in the mitochondria of eukaryotes
Label the diagram with the following terms:alcohol/lactic acid; Krebs Cycle, glucose, fermentation, glycolysis, ETCFYI: Details about the Steps of Cell RespirationxIt’s all about rearrangementxEvery line in the structure of glucose to the left is energy (a line = a bond)xDuring glycolysis, glucose (6C) is broken in half so a little energy is released with that brokenbond…it is put into making ADP into ATPxWhenever a bond breaks in this process, anelectronand ahydrogenneed to be accounted for. Amolecule NAD+ picks them up to form NADHxThis concept continues in the Kreb Cycle – which will eventually break all of the bonds of theoriginal glucose molecule. The carbons will leave as CO2. The hydrogens and electrons were putinto NADH.xThe MOST important part of Cell Respirationis the electron transport chain.All of the NADHthat was formed so far drops off the electrons and the hydrogens atthe inner membrane of the mitochondria (for eukarytoes). Thismembrane has proteins in it that pass the electrons to each other.Electrons are a different form of energy and can power the proteinchannels to open (this is active transport).xThe point of the electron transport chainis to pump hydrogenions (also from the NADH) across the membrane into a tiny space.xWHY?It seems silly, but almost all life does this process. Bybuilding a gradient of H+ ions in this tiny mitochondrial space, the H+ build up and need to diffuse out, through aspecial channel called ATP synthase (this is passive transport). This molecule literally spins as H+ goes throughit and makes ATP from ADP.xWhat about the oxygen?After passing the electron down the chain to make the gradient happen (which isknown aschemiosmosis), the electron has to go somewhere. It would cause damage in your cell otherwise.Oxygen is there to pick it up and combine it with the hydrogens to make….WATER!glucoseKrebs cycleETCglycolysisAlcohol/lactic acidFermentation
What do I need to know?The overall equation: _____oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + ATP___________________What organisms undergo cellular respiration? __Heterotrophs – organisms that cannot make their own food. Plants alsodo respiration in order to utilize their own sugars.What are the 3 major steps of aerobic respiration? ___Glycolysis (cytoplasm), Krebs or citric acid cycle and the electrontransport chain (both Krebs and ETC happen in mitochondria_________What will happen when oxygen is not present? _the process for making ATP changes to fermentation (much less ATP ismade (two types lactic acid or alcohol)______________________________________________________What is the purpose of cellular respiration?To provide our cells with the energy molecule (ATP) necessary for cellularwork, without respiration the cell could not function.__________ ____Where does cellular respiration and fermentation occur with a eukaryotic cell? _Aerobic respiration occurs in thecytoplasm and the mitochondria. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm only. Glycolysis is the first step in each process.2ndIdea: PhotosynthesisWhere does the sugar come from in the first place that will get broken down in cellular respiration?!?!xOccurs in photosyntheticautotrophs(plants, algae, some bacteria); in the chloroplast of eukaryotesxHas2 major steps: the light reaction and the Calvin cycle (light independent reaction)xTheLight Reaction generates ATP and NADPH(an electron and hydrogen carrier) so that the Calvin Cycle can runxTheCalvin Cycle is the part that makes the sugar.Carbon dioxide comes into a plant (via leaf stomata) and isjoined together with other carbons in the cell to ultimately make glucose (6 carbons). Making bonds requires energyin this process, which is why ATP and some extra electrons and hydrogens are needed.x6CO2+ 6H20 + energyÆC6H12O6+ 6O2xThe input of energy to start the light reaction is from sunlight!What you need to know:PLANTS PHOTOSYNTHESIZEANDDO CELL RESPIRATION!!!! They havechloroplastsANDmitochondria!Plants need mitochondria to generate ATP from sugars they havecreated through photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts: contain chlorophyll and are found in leaves, theyperform photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is a light capturingpigment. The light reaction mentioned above occurs in thethylakoids and the light independent reaction (Calvin cycle)occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.Major input and outputs of the process.ÎLabel the diagram below with the following:CO2, O2, Water, Glucose, sunlightÎBonus: can you label whereATP/NADPH, ADP/NADP+, stroma, thylakoid, light reactionandCalvin Cyclewould be?Photosynthesis RemindersLightDependent Reactions“The Light Reactions”’WHATphotosynthetic reactions that requires light.WHEREthylakoid (membrane & inside)“WHO”Photosystem II & Photosystem IVarious proteins embedded in the thylakoid membraneWHENwhen the sunlight shinesWHYcaptures sunlight energy to produce ATPwhich will eventually be used to construct theglucose molecules.HOWuses light & water to produce oxygen andLightIndependent Reactions“The Dark Reaction”/The Calvin CycleWHATproduces sugars by using the energy fromATP & NADPH formed during lightdep rxnWHEREin the stroma of the chloroplast“WHO”Rubisco; uses CO2 from outside & existingcarbon molecules in the cell (RuBP)WHENdoesn’t depend on sunWHYplant needs to produce highenergyglucose molecules for growthHOWuses the ATP & NADPH create the new bondsWater (H2O)Carbon Dioxide (CO2)LightStromaADP + PNADP+thylakoidCalvinCycleATPNADPHStromaGlucose (C6H12O6)Oxygen (O2)
converts ADP to ATP and NADP+ to NADPHof glucoseComplimentary nature of photosynthesis and respiration:RESPIRATION:Key ConnectionsxPhotosynthesis and respiration are about energy transformations. Notice the complimentary nature of bothequations above. How are they connected? ____Products of one are the reactants of the other________xPhotosynthesiscapturesenergy from sunlight in the bonds of glucose, while respirationreleasesthe energy fromglucose in the form of ATP so cellular work can be completed.xAutotrophs are always the basis of the food chain. As a human you cannot make your own sugars!xThe source of carbohydrates AND oxygen on the planet is photosynthesisCOMPARISON QUESTIONSAnswer P for Photosynthesis, CR for Cell Respiration, or B for both___P___ Releases O2____CR__ Releases CO2____P__ Uses CO2_B_____ Creates ATP during the process___P___ Produces sugar__CR____Uses sugarAnswer A for Animals, P for Plants, or B for both___P___ Releases O2__B____Releases CO2___P___ Uses CO2___B___ Creates energy in the form of ATP___P___Produces sugar__B____Uses sugarLightenergyPHOTOSYNTHESIS6 CO26+H2OCarbon dioxideWaterC6H12O66+O2GlucoseOxygen gasC6H12O6CO26H2OATPsGlucoseOxygen gasCarbondioxide6WaterEnergyO26+++
Practice QuestionsBioenergetics:1.Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two major processes of carbon cycling in living organisms. Whichstatement correctly describes one similarity between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?a.Both occur in animal and plant cells.b.Both include reactions that transform energy.c.Both convert light energy into chemical energy.d.Both synthesize organic molecules as end products.The energy for life comes primarily from the Sun.2.What process provides a vital connection between the Sun and the energy needs of living systems?a.decompositionb.cellular respirationc.transpirationd.photosynthesisThe processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration form a continuous cycle.3.During this cycle, the products from one process serve as the starting materials for the other. Which of the followingmaterials correspond(s) to box number 3?a.sunlightb.carbon dioxide and waterc.ATP (energy) and heatd.oxygen and glucose
4.A protein in a cell membrane changed its shape to move sodium and potassium ions against their concentrationgradients. Which molecule wasmost likelyused by the protein as an energy source?a.ATPb.ADPc.catalased.amylase5.Which pair of molecules are broken down by the cell to release energy?a.ADP and glucoseb.ATP and glucosec.ATP and carbon dioxided.ADP and carbon dioxide6.Which pair of compounds are raw materials for cellular respiration?a.Glucose and ATPb.Oxygen and glucosec.Carbon dioxide and ATPd.Carbon dioxide and oxygen7.Which does not take place in the mitochondria of the cell?a.Carbon dioxide is producedb.Hydrogen ions cross a membranec.Glucose is broken down into organic compoundsd.The ATP synthase enzyme combines ADP and phosphate8.In which organism does respiration not take place in the mitochondria?a.bacteriab.maple treec.seaweedd.yeast9.Which comparison between ATP and ADP is correct?a.ATP stores less chemical energy than ADP and phosphateb.ATP stores more chemical energy than ADP and phosphatec.Less energy is used to form ATP than is released from ATP hydrolysisd.More energy is used to form ATP than is released from ATP hydrolysis10. Which is a difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?a.Photosynthesis can produce glucose without oxygenb.Photosynthesis occurs only in plants, and respiration occurs only in animalsc.Cellular respiration stores energy, but photosynthesis releases energyd.Cellular respiration releases oxygen, but photosynthesis releases carbon dioxide11. Which statement describes what occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast?a.Oxygen is releasedb.Carbon dioxide reactsc.Water molecules are splitd.Chlorophyll absorbs energy12. Which pair of compounds are both products of photosynthesis?
a.Water and glucoseb.Oxygen and glucosec.Glucose and carbon dioxided.Oxygen and carbon dioxide13. Which of the followingbestexplains the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?a.Both produce carbon dioxide and oxygenb.Both require energy from sunlight to occurc.The products of one are the reactants of the otherd.A plant can carry out either one process or the otherOpen‐ended Question:14. The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change in form andmove from place to place. An ATP molecule in an animal cell is used for energy.Part A: Explain how the energy reached the ATP molecule from its original source.__The original source of energy is the sun. Sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll in a plant. The energy is used to makeorganic compounds, such as glucose, from carbon dioxide. Animals then eat the organic molecules in plants, directly orindirectly, for energy. In the animal cell, glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide, and the chemical energy stored in itis used to produce ATP.Part B: Describe how energy changed in form from its original source to the ATP molecule._____The original source of energy is light from the sun. ATP contains stored chemical energy. Energy changed fromlight energy to chemical energy. (some energy was converted to heat.)Part C: Explain how the energy changes when the ATP molecule is converted to ADP and phosphate._______When ATP is converted to ADP and phosphate, most of the released energy is used to drive another chemicalreaction in the cell (some energy is converted to heat)