Final Study Guide.docx
.pdf
School
Louisiana Tech University**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
PSYC 101
Subject
Psychology
Date
Dec 16, 2024
Pages
5
Uploaded by HighnessBoulder15873
Chapter 1: Psychological Science●Hindsight BiasOverconfidence, Perceiving patterns in random events●Double-Blind StudyA type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatmentor intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over.●Meta-AnalysisMeta-analysis combines data from multiple studies to create a statistically stronger conclusionthan any single study could provide●Illusory CorrelationIt can happen when people notice that two things occur at the same time, even if there is noevidence that they are connected.●Descriptive Statistics: Mean, median, mode."mean" refers to the average value of a data set (calculated by adding all values and dividing bythe number of values), "median" represents the middle value when data is ordered from least togreatest, and "mode" indicates the value that appears most frequently within a data set●Variables in Experiments: Independent vs. dependent variables.the independent variable is the "cause" and the dependent variable is the "effect" beingobserved●Naturalistic ObservationNaturalistic observation is a research method that involves observing subjects in their naturalenvironment without interfering with their behaviorChapter 2: Biology of the Mind●Neurons: Motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons.●Brain Lobes and Functions: Frontal, occipital, temporal, parietal lobes.●Sympathetic Nervous System●Corpus CallosumThe corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and righthemispheres of the brain
Chapter 4: Nature, Nurture, & Human Diversity●Genes●Genome●Epigenetics: Changes in gene expression without altering DNA.●Evolutionary Psychology: Influence of natural selection on behavior.Chapter 5: Developing Through the Lifespan●Brain Development: Effect of early stimulating experiences.●Kohlberg's Moral Development: Preconventional, conventional, postconventional stages.●Piaget's Cognitive Development: Accommodation, assimilation, & object Permanence●Harlow's Monkey Studies: Importance of body contact and comfort.●Erikson's Psychosocial Development: Basic trust vs. mistrust.●Zygote: Early prenatal development.●Longitudinal StudyChapter 7: Learning●Reinforcement and Punishment●Spontaneous Recovery
●Classica Conditioned Responses●Observational LearningChapter 13: Social Psychology●Bystander Effecta social psychological theory that describes how people are less likely to help someone in needwhen others are present.●Just-World Phenomenona psychological concept that describes the idea that the world is a just place where people getwhat they deserve●DeindividuationDeindividuation is a social psychology concept describing a loss of self-awareness withingroups●Chameleon Effectwhere people unconsciously mimic the behaviors of others in their social environment.●Fundamental Attribution Errora cognitive bias that causes people to overemphasize a person's personality or character whenexplaining their actions, while underemphasizing external factors.●Cognitive Dissonancea state of discomfort that occurs when someone holds conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or valuesChapter 14: Personality●Freud: Id, ego, superego.Id: Basic Instincts, hunger, thurst, and comfort, largely unconsciousEgo: Conscious part of the mind that mediates the id and superegoSuperego: morals of the mind●Self-Esteem & Self-EfficacySelf-Esteem: A general feeling of your worth or value, and how you like and value yourself. Highself-esteem can contribute to a strong sense of identity.Self-Efficacy: Your belief in your ability to perform tasks and achieve goals in specific situations.It's like situation-specific confidence
●Defense Mechanisms: Projection, reaction formation.Projection is a defense mechanism where someone projects they’re prblems thoughts orfeelings onto another person.Chapter 15: Psychological Disorder●Major Depressive DisorderMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental health condition that causes a persistent low moodand a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable●Schizophrenia & DelusionsSchizophrenia is a long-term mental health condition that causes individuals to interpret realitydifferently. One of the symptoms is delusions, which are false beliefs that people cannot changeeven if others present them with clear or reasonable evidence that they are not true. Delusionsmay involve illogical fantasies.●ADHD SymptomsInattention: Difficuty focusing, stay on task, or being organized.Hyperactivity: Constantly moving about, excessively fidgeting, tapping, or talkingImpulsivity: Acting without thinking, difficulty with self-control, or a desire for immediate rewardsChapter 16: Therapy●Eclectic Therapya therapy approach that draws the most relevant techniques from other evidence-based therapymodalities together for an effective, individualized treatment plan. Eclectic Therapists value thefact that each client is unique and has unique needs in therapy.●Client-Centered Therapy: three conditions of the therapeutic alliance (unconditionalpositive regard, congruence, and empathy)In Client-Centered Therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, three core conditions are essential toestablishing a strong therapeutic alliance:1. **Unconditional Positive Regard**: The therapist shows non-judgmental acceptance, valuingthe client without conditions, fostering a safe environment for self-exploration.2. **Congruence**: The therapist is genuine and transparent, ensuring that their outward actionsalign with their inner feelings. This authenticity helps build trust.3. **Empathy**: The therapist deeply understands the client's feelings and perspectives,conveying this understanding to make the client feel heard and validated.
Together, these conditions create a supportive environment where clients can explore and grow.