GGR202. Week 13 Canada in the world - TO POST
.pptx
School
University of Waterloo**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
BIOL 273
Subject
Management
Date
Dec 17, 2024
Pages
52
Uploaded by HighnessTree12066
C A N A D A I N T H E W O R L D : M I N I N G I N A F R I C A
U P D AT E SFinal exam: Dec. 10, 1:00-4:00pm Three-hour exam Location: Gym A/BContact geography Admin about issues with final exam
E X P E R I E N C E S I N S U B S A H A R A N A F R I C A
A F R I C A•Major producer of key mineral commodities•Huge metals and minerals reserves (gold, diamond, cobalt, bauxite, iron ore, coal, copper)
C A N A D I A N M I N I N G I N A F R I C A•Canada: 70% of global mining companies •1412 companies (664 nationally, 748 abroad, majority in Africa) •75% of African mines owned by Canada•~37 billion annually from Africa•Less than 5% owned by Africans
T H E L A R G E C A N A D I A N C O M PA N I E S Largest producing Canadian companies in Africa: Barrick Gold, IAM Gold, First Quantum, Lundin Mining, New Dawn Mining, Franco-Nevada, Kinross, Galane, Nevsun Resources, and Semafo
C O LO N I A L I S M ( 1 8 1 4 - 1 9 7 0 S )Colonial powers scramble for Africa’s resources & raw materials (ivory, rubber, palm oil, cocoa, diamonds, tea, and tin & ppl!)Competition and conquest IMF and World Bank created (1944)Maintain global financial stability, finance development projects, lenders
I N D E P E N D E N C E B U T P R O B L E M S Countries gaining independence (1970’s, 80’s) But national problems… and international debt crisis (1980s)Need money
S T R U C T U R A L A D J U S T M E N T P R O G R A M S ( S A P S ) ( 1 9 8 0 S -9 0 S )•Structured as ‘conditional’ lending programs •Struggling economies receive loans in return for economic prescriptions/reforms•Reduce poverty by fostering economic growth•Shift assets away from small economies toward mass growth, exports, industry
S A P S A N D N E O L I B E R A L I S M To receive a loan, a country must adhere to 4 central principles of neoliberalism: •Economic stabilization•Liberalization•Deregulation•PrivatizationMacroeconomic reform and sector specific reform (e.g., mining)
C A N A D A’ S R O L E I N S A P S1980s - 1990s: Canada channeled hundreds of millions of dollars in “aid” for SAPsSAP process: forced 30+ govs. to rewrite mining codesFacilitate foreign ownership (& exploitation of mineral resources)
T H E N E W S C R A M B L E F O R A F R I C A ( 2 0 0 0 S – P R E S E N T ) Growing need for minerals and metals Oil dependency & competition between foreign states Push to ‘go green’/green economy = batteries Need essential minerals to create batteries Scramble for resources & Canada a main contributor
New Canadian Strategies: 1.Foreign ‘aid’2.Development ‘initiatives’3.Public private partnershipsD I F F E R E N T N A M E … S A M E P R O C E SS E Shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OliY4rt59Ys
A I D : OV E R S E A S D E V E LO P M E N T A SS I S TA N C E ( O D A )•Tie ODA with industry objectives •90% of bilateral funding to 20 mineral rich nations •9 among top 12 largest global metal reserves•Idea: $ to train local Africans in skills needed to work on sites owned by Canada-based mining companies
D E V E L O P M E N T I N I T I AT I V E : T H E C A N A D I A N I N V E S T M E N T F U N D F O R A F R I C A ( C I FA )2003: The Canadian Investment Fund for Africa (CIFA) Objective?•Provide $100 million to “foster African self sufficiency”Reality? •Extractive profits (generated ↑ $30 million for CAN business, none for Africa)•“Privatization of business & other services, industrial development & mineral prospection and exploration”
P U B L I C P R I VAT E PA RT N E R S H I P SCanadian International Development Agency (CIDA) •Main leader of public private partnerships •Projects must “be implemented in partnership with development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and mining companies, with the aim of empowering resource communities and improving company behaviour.”•Agreements will create work opportunities for communityReality?•Generate “social license” •Capitalize on moral support from NGOs •Neglects long term harms •Disregards individual & community rights
A R G U M E N T S F O R M I N I N G I N V E S T M E N T •Benefits to impoverished communities •Employment opportunities •Local economy growth •Providing $ to NGOs •Green economy •Environmental rehabilitation
T H E R E A L I T Y ? •Environmental impacts•Contamination •Health impacts •Community conflict •Poverty •Maltreatment •Exploitation •Child labour•Destruction of indigenous lands
D E M O C R AT I C R E P U B L I C O F C O N G O ( D R C ) ( 2 0 1 8 )•Country mines 50%+ of world cobalt•Top copper, tin, tantalian, tungsten, gold•Growing international demand (electric vehicles, iPhones) •Canada’s “First Cobalt” CEO - “The bottom line is: No DRC, no Tesla, you can’t fill the void when you have 64 percent of production coming out of the DRC.”https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/nov/08/cobalt-drc-miners-toil-for-30p-an-hour-to-fuel-electric-cars
R E -W R I T I N G D R C M I N I N G C O D E S ( 2 0 1 8 ) https://mozambiqueminingpost.com/2018/04/09/africa-mining-aiming-exemptions-protection-miners-insist-on-rewrite-of-congo-mining-code/•2018 Canadian Companies argued: want royalty rates to fluctuate with international markets ($ paid by miners to company) •Would set min. protection levels, guarantee $•Companies offered ‘slight additional increase’ to pay if gov. relinquishes authority to designate ‘strategic substances’•Gov fighting for ownership •Companies threatened international arbitration •Created dependency and inequality
D R C & O N G O I N G C R I S E S •Ongoing political ethnic conflict •Fueled by mineral rich mines •Conflict minerals – land rights, political tension, armed conflict, child labour •Lax regulation Free market capitalism and community impacts, no penalties https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gx85CDGxZeE(3-8.5 min)
How do you think most Canadians view the mining industry in our own country and abroad?Do they really know what is happening?
B U R K I N A FA S O ( 2 0 1 8 )•4thlargest producer of gold •15 Canadian companies (2.5 million yr)•April 16: floods trapped 8 works 500m below surface •No underground refuge chamber, died •Vancouver-based Trevali Mining CorporationInvestigation issued: Burkina Faso’s PM criticized the “irresponsibility” of the mine’s managers, stating that shortly before the accident “dynamite was used on the open-air [part of the] mine, which weakened the [underground] gallery and enabled the flooding.”
C A N A D A’ S R E S P O N S E ?Two days after accident, Canada’s Ambassador to Burkina Faso and Benin took to twitter stating… “On a most difficult day for [Canadian] mining companies, it was a pleasure to meet with Trevali to learn more about their mine operations in Burkina Faso and their commitment to Responsible Business Conduct.”
( I N ) J U S T I C E ?6 families filed cases against company for attempted manslaughter, endangering life and failing to assist a person in danger.Burkina Faso gov. prevented Trevali officials from leaving Outcome:•Burkina Faso court found two CAN executives guilty of involuntary manslaughter•Can’t be held responsible in Canadian courtshttps://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/14/burkina-court-finds-mine-execs-guilty-of-involuntary-manslaughter
•2ndlargest global gold producer•Barrick Gold majority mine ownership ($11 B) •Second largest Canadian mining site in East Africa TA N Z A N I A
TA N Z A N I A N - C A N A D I A N T E N S I O N S•Long history of Barrick Gold tax evasion•Tanzania proposed ban gold exports (2020)•Accused Barrick of theft of billions in unpaid taxes, penalties and interest •Barrick went to CAN. Gov. for “emergency help” •Ottawa entered negotiations with Tanzanian gov. (Tanzania's foreign aid budget)•Leverage Tanzania to adopt economic position beneficial to Canada •Barrick paid Tanzanian gov. $300 million to settle & remove export ban (2020)
TA N Z A N I A •↑ human rights abuses •Low pay, brutal working conditions •Killings, torture, shooting •Rape •Child labour •Conflict between mining police and local police •Threats to journalists
H O W T H I S H A P P E N S ? Forcibly evict local communities Resort to scour waste rock (no commercial value)Secure subsistence livelihood Mining police shoot and kill if spotted7thhuman rights case since 2010Filed lawsuit in Ontario (ongoing NOW!)Hope of justice (first time tried in Canada courts)
https://www.raid-uk.org/blog/tanzanian-human-rights-victims-file-first-ever-legal-case-canada-against-barrick-gold(1:48)What do you think should be done about this?
T H E C O N N E C T I O N S … P E T E R M O N Khttps://munkoutofuoft.wordpress.com/about-barrick-gold/
T O K E N “ S O C I A L” R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y ?“Corporate responsibility” initiatives implemented with privatization programs•Ex. Raise company awareness, combat child labour, no legal changes “It’s really about rehabilitatingthe image of Canadian mining companies, distractingpublic attention away from their practices … and transformingtheir image from resource extractors to humanitarian actors.” – Stephen Brown, Uni Ottawa
I N S T I T U T I O N A L C H A N G E S ? Voluntary mechanisms of reporting corporate social accountability Bill C-300 act (2010)•Aim: Hold gov. agencies accountable for extractive industry violations abroad •Today: only first reading 2019 Fed. Gov. established independent watchdog to enforce responsible conduct of Canadian companies abroad
C O LO N I A L I S M T O N E O C O LO N I A L I S M Present situation = continuation of extractive colonial development strategies Colonialism to neocolonialism•“the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.” New extraction through liberalization, privatization and exploitation
“The government may hide their neocolonial intentions more deftly than Colonial Development Corporations, but their goals are the same: the weakening of African states and the strengthening of multinational business.” – O, Schalk, 2021
T H E PA R A L L E L S
C A N A D A A S N AT I O N – A C O M P L I C AT E D S T O RY
W H AT C A N YO U D O ?Challenge the university, protest, petition, advocate Mining Watch•https://miningwatch.ca/Mines Action Canada •https://www.minesactioncanada.org/Earth Works: •https://earthworks.org/campaigns/mining/Friends of the Earth•https://foecanada.org/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwz6ShBhCMARIsAH9A0qXimhbzPbCdSYbHEQUtjobXpIO9yJtB_jIMe9BAGNMLXj7nX5PZKHwaAqV0EALw_wcBCultural Survival•https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/protecting-your-community-against-mining-companies-and-other-extractive-industries-guide?gclid=Cj0KCQjwz6ShBhCMARIsAH9A0qW6_ycby4smSa4GK6bKXwFkUSIEAIDz-L-x2nqq5ZcVDwLbedJD1bMaAnPOEALw_wcB
R E V I E W
E X A M Final exam: Dec. 10, 1:00-4:00pmLocation: Gym A/BContact geography Admin for issues with final exam
E X A M S T R U C T U R E Cumulative BUT heavier focus on 2ndhalf1 sheet, double sided hand written sheer of notes Structure •30 multiple choice/TF (1 point)•Short answer (5 out of 8) (5 points each) (bullet point accepted) •Long Answer (1 out of 4) (25 points)•Long answer: respond to a statement, identify relevant examples, apply your own perspective to issue
T H I N G S T O T H I N K A B O U T •Focus on concepts from 1sthalf •I will not ask short/long answer questions about issues from 1sthalf •I will not ask you dates about peacekeeping or dates of particular immigration policies•Know the general trends •Gest lecture content (multiple choice/TF) – do not worry about all the new contend they discussed (general take home message) •Reading supplement in class learning (will not ask specific questions about readings)•Documents/policies where geography is important
T E R M S T O C O N S I D E RTerms to consider for long answer :•Geographic bordering and cultural ordering •Myths and nationalism Things to consider for short answer•Think about the main themes from each lecture •Provide 5 points (questions highlight where points are coming from)
Q U E S T I O N S A N D M O R E I N F O R M AT I O N
P E A C E K E E P I N G
P E A C E K E E P I N G
P E A C E K E E P I N G
P E A C E K E E P I N G
I M M I G R AT I O N
H E A LT H C A R E
M I N I N G
T H I N G S T O R E M E M B E RBe criticalAsk tough questions Look for the story not being told Good luck on your exams!