Lab final study guide

.docx

School

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville**We aren't endorsed by this school

Course

BIOL 11003

Subject

Biology

Date

Dec 17, 2024

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Uploaded by CaptainAardvarkPerson1232

Lab 1 to 4- Graphing – line graphLabel the axis’ and the main graph. Create a graph using points- pretty straight forward and simple- Scientific report contentsPrimary source- someone who was present/conducted the experiement. Abstract- like a summary. Intext citations.- Alternative and null hypothesisAlternative- Rejects the null hypothesis, states something will happenNull- nothing will happen- Independent and Independent variablesIndependent- A variable on its own that affects everything elseDependent- the variable that results from the independent- Kinesis, taxis, and stimuliKinesis- random movementTaxis- movement in response to a stimuliStimuli- something to attract or repel (wet/dry environments)- APA citing style.Authors last name, date published, title of document - Dissecting and Compound microscopes, methods of handling microscopes, objective magnification levels.Know names of both, be able to identify names of parts on a microscope

- Primary literature, secondary literature, tertiary (popular) literature, and peer-reviewed literature.Primary- written by someone present or conducting the experimentSecondary- drawn from the primary sourcePopular- written for general audiencePeer-reviewed- written and academically reviewed- The different structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

- Bacterial shape, streptococcus.

- Yeast is prokaryotic or eukaryoticEukayoticLab 5. DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Genetic Mutations1. Compositions and definitions of DNA, RNA, protein, and codonDNA- double stranded, contains a thymine, stored in nucleusRNA- single stranded, uracil, can move in and out of nucleusCodon- DNA/RNA sequence of three nucleotides, which encodes for an aminoacid or signals for protein synthesis2. Purin and pirimidinePurines made up of two rings, pyridimines made up of a single ringPurines- adenine and guaninePyridimines- Cytosine, uracil, thymine3. What are the definitions of replication, transcription, and translation?Replication- double stranded DNA is copied into two identical DNA moleculesTranscription- copying a segment of DNA into RNATranslation- cell makes proteins using genetic info carried in mRNA4. Where do replication, transcription, and translation occur?Replication- nucleusTranscription- nucleus

Translation- Cytoplasm5. 4 types of mutations and FrameshiftSilent, Missense, nonsense, and frameshiftDeletion, inversion, duplication, insertion6. How does mutation affect protein function?Alters the amino acid sequence- changing its structure and functionLab 6. The Life Cycle of the Cell: Mitosis & Meiosis1. The cycle of cell2. Mitotic phases of the cell division (pictures in a slide)In picture above3. Meiosis, especially the crossing-over process.Meiosis is a process of cell division that produces gametes, which are haploidcells that can fuse to form a zygote. Crossing over is a biological occurrence that happens during meiosis when the paired homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information. This leads to an increase in genetic variation among the gametes. Crossing over occurs during the first division of meiosis,called meiosis I, when the chromosomes are lined up on the meiotic plates

4. Life cycle of slime moldLab 7. Genetics1. Genotype vs phenotype, dominant vs recessive alleles, homozygote vs heterozygote genotypes.Genotype- the gene combonations (genes that are or are not expressed)Phenotype- the genes that are expressed (traits)R- dominant, r- recessive, domonant shows over recessiveHomozygous- RR or rr, heterozygous- Rr2. Examples of complete, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance inheritances.Complete- Brown eyesIncolmplete- Hazel eyesCo-dominance- heterochromia (one brown eye one blue eye)3. Calculation of the offspring’s genotype and phenotype from monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett square.RR-Rr-Rr-rr = 1-2-14. Formula of Chi-Squared test Calculation and degree of freedom.X^2 = sum of (Oi-Ei)^2/EiE= expected frequency

Degree of freedom- (r-1)*(c-1)r = number of rows, c = number of colomns5. Interpretation of the Chi-Squared data.If the chi square is greater than the critical value, you reject the null hypothesisIf it is less than or equal to the critical value, you fail to reject the null hypothesisLab 8. Evolution1. Evolution occurred at the population levelThe change of genetic makeup of a group of organisms over generations2. Macroevolution and microevolutionMirco- evolution within a single population, Macro- occurs across species3. Examples of mutation, gene flow, genetic drift (bottle neck and founder effect), and natural selection.Mutation- sickle cell anemiaGene flow- Pollen from a plant is carried to another Bottleneck- Earthquake kills majority of a population only leaving someFounder effect- fish moved downstream to a new environment and start a new populationNatural selection- darwins birds4. The difference between genetic drift and natural selectionGenetic drift- something occurs to move animals away from their original habitat, natural selection- a trait changes over time for survival5. Definitions of natural selection and fitness.-populations and organisms change over time for survival-ability to survive in an environment 6. Calculations of the Chi-Squared test and degree of freedom of natural selection and genetic drift.Lab 9. Classification and Diversity

1. Scientific name using binomial nomenclature.Genus-species2. Prinsip, advantages, and disadvantages of Biological, Morphological, Ecological, and Phylogenetic species concepts.3. Dichotomous keys – identifying species.Read carefully and go step by step- straight forward4. Reading phylogenetic tree.Lab 10. Phylogenetic1. Example of angiosperm, gymnosperm, and mosses (plant phylogeny)Angiosperm- flowering plant- daisyGymnosperm- seed producing- PinesMosses- non-vascular, flowerless- sphagnum moss2. The animal phylogenetic tree, the examples of Arthropode, Roundworm, Rotifers, and SpongeArthropode- segmented body- insectsRound worm- small parasitic worms- heart wormRotifers- microscopic aquatic animalSponge- marine invertebrates3. Chordate phylogeny4. Phylogenetic tree of fungi, the examples of Basidiomycote and AscomycoteLab 11. Ecology1. Definition of ecology and other Terminology.Ecology- the study of relationships between living organisms and their environment2. Example of Components of Ecosystem.

3. Ecological Pyramid – Trophic Relationships. Example of each Trophic level.-lose 10% energy as you move up4. Food web and Food chain and the differences between them.Food web- shows the connections within an entire ecosystem, food chain- shows how energy moves through one chain of organisms5. Terminology of Species Diversity, richness, and Relative abundance with examples.Species diversity- number of different speciesRichness- Number of different species presentRelative abundance- percentage of a specific type of organism compared to total number of organisms6. Simpson’s Diversity IndexWay to measure diversity of a population by taking account the number of species and their relative abundanceD= N(N-1)/n(n-1)