693474
.docx
School
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
ECN 428
Subject
Political Science
Date
Dec 17, 2024
Pages
5
Uploaded by Dsultamuratova00
Name Professor Course Due date Test1.The Sixth Amendment provides the following rights: the right to confront witnesses, the right to a prompt and public trial by an unbiased jury, the right to know the details of the charges against oneself, the right to a mandatory process for gathering witnesses, and the right to legal representation (Roberson 63). In civil proceedings where the amount in controversy exceeds a threshold, the Seventh Amendment provides a right to a jury trial (Roberson 89). large bail, large fines, and unusually harsh punishment are all forbidden by the Eighth Amendment (Roberson 101). These rights are crucial because they provide protection from possible abuses of the legal system, guarantee justice, and uphold people's dignity in the face of state power.2.The legal obligation that the state respect every legal right owed to an individual and provide just procedures before taking away someone's life, liberty, or property is known as due process of law. Due process safeguards are extended to federal government acts by the Fifth Amendment and to state government actions by the Fourteenth Amendment (Roberson 92). The Fourteenth guarantees that state laws and actions must also abide by due process requirements, whereas the Fifth limits federal authority. This is the main area of difference between the two constitutions.3.The Chart Government's Ability to Limit First Amendment Rights:First Amendment FreedomWhy does the governmentlimit this freedom or freedoms?Describe a scenario in which the government would limit this freedom or freedoms.Freedom of speechTo prevent harm, such as inciting violence or Government may limit speech that incites riots or
spreading false information (defamation).encourages violent actions(Brandenburg v. Ohio) (Roberson 154).Freedom of the pressTo protect national security or prevent the spread of false, harmful information.Censorship during times of war to prevent sensitivemilitary information from being published.Freedom of assembly and petitionTo maintain public order and safety, especially when assemblies pose a threat to peace (136).Requiring permits for large protests in public spaces to ensure law enforcement can manage the crowd.Freedom of religionTo protect public safety and prevent harmful practices disguised as religious expression.Prohibiting religious practices like human sacrifice that violate laws and endanger lives.4.After the Civil War, concerns over citizenship, equal protection, and civil rights for previously enslaved persons led to the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868,during the Reconstruction Era. Its purpose was to guarantee that no state could refuse any individual equal legal protection (Roberson 125). But the southern states opposed the amendment, putting in place "Black Codes" and later Jim Crow laws to get aroundits safeguards and keep racial segregation in place. In response to state-sanctioned discrimination, these activities sparked legal challenges and Supreme Court cases that ultimately reinterpreted the Equal Protection Clause's reach.5.The Equal Protection Clause was interpreted by the Court in Plessy v. Ferguson to allow racial segregation as long as the facilities used by the various races were thought to be of comparable quality (Ashford-Hanserd 416). The Court sustained racial segregation. This ruling solidified racial segregation throughout the US, especially in public spaces. The Equal Protection Clause was violated when the Court held in Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation in public schools was fundamentally unfair, overturning the Plessy decision (TerBeek 825). The Court acknowledged that African American children's education and development were negatively impacted by the inferiority complex that segregated school facilities
created in them. The Court's viewpoint underwent a dramatic change with this historicruling, which was prompted by changing social mores and a growing awareness of thenegative effects of segregation. The shifting social standards, greater awareness of racial disparities, and the civil rights movement's demand for the end of institutionalized segregation all contributed to the shift in viewpoint between these decisions.6.Through grassroots activism, regular people have been essential in advancing civil rights for underrepresented groups in the US. The Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement is one contemporary example; it was founded in 2013 in response to the systematic racism and police violence that African Americans experienced (Lebron 98). From a hashtag to a coordinated, dispersed movement that brings people together across the nation, BLM has grown. In order to bring attention to the injustices Black Americans endure and to demand changes to the criminal justice and policing systems, it organizes nonviolent demonstrations, social media campaigns, and educational programs. The death of George Floyd at the hands of a police officer in 2020 marked a major turning point in the movement's momentum (Lebron 87). With millions of people demanding justice and systemic change worldwide, the ensuing demonstrations grew to be among the biggest in American history. BLM uses a variety of tactics, including as large-scale, nonviolent demonstrations, community organization, and the dissemination of information via social media. Widespread involvement characterised the 2020 protests, and the campaign effectively magnified demands to "defund the police" and reorganise law enforcement to better serve communities (Lebron 132). BLM also pushes for changes to policy, like removing police officers' qualified immunity and enhancing accountability for law enforcement operations. Because of this action, police budgets
were reviewed in a number of places, and systematic racism became a topic of discussion in the country (Lebron 98). The movement's visibility and pressure led to corporate, political, and institutional acknowledgments of racial injustice.The success of common people in achieving equal rights through grassroots activity such as BLM is apparent, even though obstacles still exist. Unprecedented attention to racial injustice was drawn to the 2020 protest and activity wave, which led to certain legislation changes and increased public knowledge of problems including police brutality (Lebron 108). Still, there is a lot of resistance, and significant, long-term reforms to the criminal justice system have happened slowly.
Works CitedAshford-Hanserd, SherRhonda, et al. "Shadows of Plessy v. Ferguson: The Dichotomy of Progress Toward Educational Equity Since 1954." The Journal of Negro Education, vol. 89, no. 4, 2020, pp. 410-422. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7709/jnegroeducation.89.4.0410Lebron, Christopher J. The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of an Idea. Oxford University Press, 2023.Roberson, Cliff. Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice. Routledge, 2021.TerBeek, Caleb. "Clocks Must Always Be Turned Back: Brown v. Board of Education and theRacial Origins of Constitutional Originalism." American Political Science Review, vol. 115, no. 3, 2021, pp. 821-834. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000095