Final exam topics detail5419647cdbff93ea353b8d8894ea19c3
.pdf
School
Cape Cod Community College**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
BIO 109
Subject
Biology
Date
Dec 17, 2024
Pages
4
Uploaded by MateEnergy13043
Final Exam Study GuideChapter 3 - Cell structures that relate to virulence1.Differences between the Gram-positive and Gram-negative cell walls. Different cell shapes and arrangements.2.Capsules, plasmids, flagella and axial filaments, fimbriae, R pili. Endospores and their properties.Chapter 6 – Bacterial pathogens1.For each pathogen: The full name (where provided), cell shape and arrangement, Gram stain, virulence factors, mechanism of disease transmission, disease symptoms (if any), prevention, vaccine availability (if discussed in class), and long term health effects for chronic diseases. Public health issues.Chapter 7 – Fungal pathogens1.Know the terms: mycelium, yeast, pseudohyphae, dimorphism, spores, dermatophyte.Whether individual pathogens are mycelial, yeast, or dimorphic.2.Know the different types of mycoses (fungal infections).For each pathogen - symptoms, prevention, transmission, etc as for bacteria.3.Public health issues.Chapter 8 – Protozoal pathogens1.General characteristics and nutrition, excluding reproduction details.2.Name of the organism, disease, transmission, symptoms, prevention, vaccine availability (if any).3.Public health issues. Do not need to know what the organism looks like under the microscope.Chapter 9 – Algal pathogens1.Harmful algal blooms: why they occur, and their health consequences with general symptoms. Public health effects.2.Prototheca and Saprolegnoa infections.Chapters 10 – Viruses and viral diseases1.Terms to know: virion, capsid, nucleic acid, envelope, spikes, host range, bacteriophage, lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, retrovirus, reverse transcriptase, cytopathic effect.2.Why viruses are not considered “living".3.Summary of how viruses are propagated. Lytic and lysogenic life cycle of bacteriophages.4.Propagation of animal viruses. Cytopathic effects. Representative life cycle of animal viruses.5.Properties of retroviruses.6.For each viral disease: mechanism of transmission, symptoms, prevention, vaccine availability, long term health effects. Public health issues. Do not need to know what the virus look like.Chapter 11 - Prions1.General properties of prions, and how they "replicate" inside cells.1
2.Characteristics of prion infections - symptoms, transmission, prevention, and public health concerns.Chapter 14 - Microbial growth1.Types of specialized culture media - reducing, selective, differential, enriched, with named examples.2.Physical factors that affect growth of cells - temperature, pH, osmotic pressure. How these factors can be used to advantage in food preservation, and maintenance of public health.Chapter 15 - Sterilization and disinfection1.Definitions of static and cidal activity, sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, sanitization.2.Factors affecting the death rate of organisms.3.Physical methods - Boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization; x-rays, γ-rays, electron irradiation, ultraviolet light; filtration. For each of these, know whether they are sterilizing agents, disinfectants, antiseptics, or static agents. What materials are they used to treat.4.Food preservation methods - refrigeration and freezing, desiccation, osmotic pressure.5.Chemical disinfectants, antiseptics, and sterilants. Commercial uses for each method. Chemical food preservatives.6.Evaluation of chemical agents - the MIC and its interpretation.Chapter 16 - Genetics and genomics1.Gene regulation examples for virulence factors.2.Cancer as resulting from mutations. Cellular components that lead to cancer - oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair, apoptosis, telomerase. What metastasis and angiogenesis refer to.3.The polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic tool.Chapter 17 - Principles of disease and epidemiology1.Definitions of various epidemiology terms relating diseases, their spread.2.Organs affected in representative disease conditions.3.Koch's postulates and their limitations. The need for DNA-based Koch's postulates, with examples.4.Nosocomial infections – causes, prevention, control. Examples of the organisms involved.5.How nosocomial infections are tracked.6.Notifiable and quarantinable diseases, with representative examples.Chapter 18 - Human microbiome1.Establishment of the resident microbiota in humans, from the newborn to the adult.2.Physiological function of the normal flora – development of the digestive system, digestion of food, development of the immune response, preventing pathogens from establishing.3.Examples of common microbiota, with primary body locations. Opportunistic pathogens.Chapter 19 - Microbial pathogenicity1.Portals of entry and exit for various pathogens.2
2.Predisposing factors to infection - immune compromised conditions, diabetes, age.3.Virulence factors associated with example microorganisms: fimbriae, capsules, extracellular enzymes,exotoxins, endotoxins, virulence plasmids and lysogenic viruses. Intracellular growth, antigenic variation, formation of biofilms.4.Biofilm formation and human disease. Dental biofilms, steps in its formation, and health consequences. Biofilm control.Chapter 20 - The immune system1.Predisposing factors of resistance - environmental, species, genetic.2.Physical defenses of the innate immune system: skin and mucous membranes, urine flow and secretions, microbiota.3.Chemical defenses of the innate immune system: Tears, nasal, vaginal secretions, skin oils, earwax; transferrin and lactoferrin; phagocytosis, inflammation and phagocyte migration, complement.4.Types of immunity - natural, acquired, active, passive. The HLA.5.Definition of terms - antigens, immunogens, epitopes. Antibody structure. Ig classes, functions, locations. The antigen-antibody reaction. Cells-of the immune system.6.Cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Generation of antibody diversity.7.Development of primary and secondary immune responses.Chapter 21 - Immunology applications and disorders1.Detection and quantitation of antigens: Agglutination, fluorescent antibody tests, ELISA.2.Vaccine types and characteristics, with examples.3.Monoclonal antibodies. Humanized monoclonal antibodies in therapy.4.Immune deficiencies. Hypersensitivity types. Autoimmunity. Infections as triggers of autoimmunity. 5.HIV infection and AIDS. Basic principles of how the virus attacks the immune system. Clinical stages of the disease, and the definition of the various stages. Diagnostics, and the basics of treatment. Genetic resistance factors (examples).Chapter 22 - Antimicrobial drugs1.Small and large molecule drugs: antibiotics, biologicals. Desired properties of antimicrobial drugs.2.Drugs as enzyme inhibitors.3.Antibiotic sensitivity testing - Kirby Bauer method and MIC.4.Drug resistance and the use of drug combinations. Transfer of resistance between bacteria.5.Basic principles of drug development and clinical trials.Chapter 23 – Public Health1.Contribution of research in microbiology, nutrition, and physiology to the improvement of human health, with examples.2.Role and importance of public health programs and agencies in monitoring of disease outbreaks.3.Importance of immunization in controlling disease outbreaks.4.New technological tools in disease surveillance.3
Lab material 1.Personal lab safety.2.Lab cleanup and disinfection procedures.3.Function of microscope components, calculation of magnification.4.Gram stain principle, and function of each reagent.5.Streak plate procedure principle, and colony characteristics.6.Types of culture media and what they are used for, examples.7.Differential media in fermentation tests, principles.8.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and interpretation of results.9.Water quality testing, and interpretation of results.4