Lecture Summary of Material (1)
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School
University of Iowa**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
HHP 3550
Subject
Biology
Date
Dec 18, 2024
Pages
11
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1/HFWXUHSummary of MaterialINTRODUCTION1.Define the levels of structural organization: chemical, cells, tissues, organs, systems,organism.2.Anatomical terminology: anatomical position, sections, directional terms, body regions,body cavities3.Understand anatomical and directional terms relative to one another.4.Understand importance of anatomical position in relation to directional terms.EMBRYOLOGY 1.Define the following: embryonic period, fetal period, blastocyst, zygote, blastomere,cleavage, morula, amniotic fluid, yolk sac, germ layer, trophoblast, embryonic disk,endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm, notochord, neural crest.2.Summarize developmental events during the first week of the embryo, from fertilization toblastocyst.3.Describe the formation of the three primary germ layers (gastrulation) during week three ofthe embryo. Especially be able to explain development of the nervous system(neurulation) from neural plate to neural tube.4.Summarize the process of folding during week 4.5.Summarize anatomical structures and tissues that are derived from each of the primarygerm layers.TISSUES 1.Define a tissue and discriminate among the four basic tissue types.2.Define the general characteristics and functions of epithelium including subclassifications.3.Define the general characteristics and functions of connective tissue includingsubclassifications.4.Describe the mechanical properties of elastic, collagen and reticular fibers.5.Describe how the mechanical properties of a connective tissue depend on the type offibers, density of packing of fibers, organization of fibers, relative proportions of differentfiber types.
2INTEGUMENT1.Define the integument and the integumentary system.2.Describe how the structural components contribute to the functions of the integument.3.Name the cells typically found in the epidermis.4.Identify the layers of the integument and the types of tissues, structures, and cells found ateach level (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis/subcuateneous)OSSEOUS TISSUE 1.Define osseous tissue and ossification.2.Describe the functions and mechanical properties of osseous tissue.3.Describe the structure of a typical long bone.4.Define spongy bone and compact bone and describe differences in structure of thesetypes of bone.5.Describe the processes of bone remodeling and of fracture repair.SKELETAL SYSTEM 1.Define the four principal types of bone.2.Describe the different types of bone markings and their purpose.3.Describe the general functions of bones.4.Define axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
35.Axial Skeleton:A.Vertebral Column:a.describe a typical vertebrae and note structural differences among C-1, C-2, typicalcervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae; relate these differences to differences infunctionb.describe the normal curves (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral ) of the vertebral columnand how these curves developc.describe abnormal curves (kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis) of the vertebral column andpossible causes of such curvesd.describe the structure and function of an intervertebral disce.discuss the function of the vertebral columnB.Skull: define facial and cranial bones and describe their function, discuss how thestructure and function of these bones is related C.Thoracic cage: describe structure and functions of the ribs and sternum6.Appendicular SkeletonA.Pectoral Girdle: identify the bones, describe their structure and functionB.Upper limb: identify the bones, describe their structure and functionC.Pelvic Girdle: identify the bones, describe their structure and function, note differences ofthese bones structurally from bones of the pectoral girdle and discuss possible causes of these differences D.Lower Extremity: identify the bones, describe their structure and function, note similaritiesand differences of these bones from those of the upper extremity and discuss possible causes of these differences related to function of the bones***************** End of Material for Exam 1
4ARTICULAR SYSTEM ±²Define an articulation and identify factors that determine the degree and ease ofmovement at a joint.³²Describe the structural and functional classifications of joints.´²Describe the structure of a typical synovial joint.µ²Describe the structure of the different types of synovial joints (gliding, hinge, pivot,condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket). Also, describe the type of motion permitted at eachtype of synovial joint in terms of the number of axis for angular motion or directions oflinear motion.¶²Describe the structural components which influence range and ease of motion at a joint.·²Identify osseous, ligamentous and cartilaginous components at each of the followingjoints. Also, describe the function of each ligament in terms of the motion it would preventand the function of cartilaginous components of the joints.D²shoulderE²elbowF²hipG²kneeH²ankleMUSCULAR SYSTEM ±²Muscle Tissue - describe the major characteristics and functions of muscle tissue.³²Describe the structure of a muscle fiber.´²Describe the structural components of a skeletal muscle and discuss how each contributesto the function of a muscle.µ²Define a motor unit and describe the organization of muscles into motor units. Discuss thesignificance of this organization for muscle function.¶²Define the terms origin and insertion.·²'LVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ PHFKDQLFDO DGYDQWDJH DQG PHFKDQLFDO GLVDGYDQWDJH.¸²'HVFULEH DQG GLVWLQJXLVK DPRQJ WKH W\SHV RI OHYHU V\VWHPV²¹²Describe the importance of bony protuberances in terms of the leverage of muscles.
59.Define the terms agonist, antagonist and synergist.10.Know the actions and innervations for the following muscles:a.Muscles of the neck that move the headb.Muscles that move the trunkc.Muscles used in breathingd.Muscles that move the pectoral girdlee.Muscles that move the arm (cross the shoulder)f.Muscles that move the forearm (cross the elbow)g.Muscles in the forearm that move the wrist, hand and fingersh.Intrinsic muscles of the hand that move the fingersi.Muscles that move the thigh and leg (cross the hip and knee)j.Muscles in the leg that move the foot and extrinsic muscles that move the toesj.Intrinsic muscles of the foot that move the toes±±²Describe how sequences of movements starting from anatomical position will put the hand orfoot in various positions (e.g., palmar surface of right hand on left acromion, heel of left foottouching right patella) and discuss which muscles would produce such movements.±³²Describe how muscles must be coordinated to produce certain individual joint motions withoutother motions occurring (e.g., wrist flexion, extension without wrist abduction or adduction;ankle inversion, eversion without plantarflexion or dorsiflexion)***************** End of Material for Exam 2
6NERVOUS TISSUE 1. Define peripheral and central nervous systems. List the functions of the nervous system.Classify brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves into either peripheral or centralnervous system. Define and distinguish somatic afferents, somatic efferents, visceral efferents,and visceral afferents.2. Define and describe the general features of a typical neuron, including myelin. Also, contrastinterneurons, motor (multipolar) and sensory (unipolar) neurons.3. Classify gray matter versus white matter in the CNS and the PNS: nerve, tract, ganglion, andnucleus.4. State the general functions of neuroglial (supporting) cells.5. Generally describe the components of a synapse.6. Define the connective tissue components of a nerve.7. Draw and explain a simple reflex arc. Identify the 5 components of any simple reflex. Discussthe importance of the reflex arc for understanding nervous function and dysfunction.CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Name the 4 parts of the brain2. Identify and appreciate the position of the ventricles of the brain. Identify the meninges and theproduction and circulation of CSF.3. Identify the gross features of the cerebrum. Next, identify the primary sensory and motor areasand locate each on a specific lobe of the cerebrum.4. Describe the 3 types of white matter of the cerebrum and the general “connections” establishedby each.5. Discuss the significance of cerebral dominance and the implications for language.6. Identify the components of the basal nuclei/ganglia and its general function.7. Identify the parts of the diencephalon and state the functions of each part (also note theinfundibulum)8. Identify the 3 parts of the brainstem and the connections of each part with the cerebellum.Discuss the similarities and differences between each of the 3 parts of the brainstem.9. Identify the cerebellum and its gross anatomy. Discuss the functions of the cerebellum,especially its important roles in balance and motor activity.10. Locate the limbic system and define its functions.11. Describe the gross features and extent of the spinal cord. Draw and label a cross-section
7through the spinal cord. 12. Know the general location and function of the ascending and descending tracts of the spinalcord.PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Name the 12 pair of cranial nerves and (briefly) describe structures innervated by each.Classify cranial nerves as primarily motor, primarily sensory, or mixed.2. Name the 31 pairs of spinal nerves.3. Describe the typical spinal nerve, its roots, rami and the possible fates of its rami.4. Describe the concept of a plexus. Identify ventral rami contributing to each plexus. Describe theanatomical location of each of the four major plexuses. Identify the body regions innervated bynerves from each plexus.5. Know which plexus each of the following nerves arise from: phrenic, median, radial, ulnar,axillary, musculocutaneous, femoral, obturator, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, tibial,fibular/peroneal, pudendal. Know the general areas innervated by each nerve.6. Trace a nervous impulse from the spinal cord to the brachialis muscle; note importantanatomical structures and landmarks that the impulse passes on its way to the brachialis muscle.7. Define a dermatome and state its clinical importance.SENSORY SYSTEM ±²Contrast general sensory receptors with special sensory receptors.³² 6XPPDUL]H WKH QHXUDO SDWKZD\V DQG WKH FUDQLDO QHUYHV LQYROYHG ZLWKtaste and smell.´²Identify the anatomy of the eye, including: Wunics (fibrous, vascular, sensory), anterior chamber(glaucoma), posterior chamber, lens (cataract).µ²Describe the neural pathway for vision: retina, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, thalamus,optic radiations, visual cortex.¶²Identify the anatomy of hearing and balanceD²outer ear--external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane,E²middle ear--ossicles, pharyngotympanic tubeF²inner ear--bony labyrinth (semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea), membranous labyrinth(semicircular ducts, utricle, saccule, cochlear duct), spiral organ of Corti·²Summarize the neural pathways for hearing and balance.
8AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Contrast autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Define the anatomical differences betweensympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).2. Identify anatomical structures in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.3. Locate ganglia for the ANS.4. Locate the adrenal medulla and explain its role in the ANS.5. Identify pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers (rami communicans, splanchnic nerves).6. Describe the role and location of visceral afferent/sensory neurons. Define referred pain.7. Know the general effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of visceral effectors.8. List CNS structures that influence the autonomic nervous system.ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1. Define and differentiate exocrine and endocrine glands.2. Identify and locate the major endocrine glands.3. Define the basic classes of hormones. Define the 3 mechanisms available for the control ofhormone release. Explain how endocrine glands work using a negative feedback loop.4. Generally describe how nervous and endocrine systems interact at the pituitary (hypophysis)gland and hypothalamus.5. List the hormones of each of the following endocrine glands and the major actions of eachhormone: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.***************** End of Material for Exam 3
9CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1.HeartDescribe the orientation and location of the heart in the thorax.a.Describe the structure of the pericardium and heart wall.b.Describe relative positioning and functions of the following structures of the heart:sulci, chambers, great vessels, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae.c.Define the structural and functional differences between the left and right heart.d.Describe the intrinsic conduction system of the heart as well as the ANS innervationsof the heart.e.Describe major vessels of coronary circulation including the areas each vesselsupplies.±²Blood VesselsD²Describe the typical blood vessel in cross-section. Contrast the structure and functionof elastic arteries, muscular arteries, capillaries, and veins.E²Discuss the problem of venous return to the heart and anatomical structures that helpadjust to delayed venous return.F²Describe the areas of the body supplied or drained by principal vessels.G²Trace the route of blood involved in hepatic portal circulation. Explain the function ofhepatic portal circulation.LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS 1.State the functions of the lymphatic and immune systems.2.Identify the components of the lymphatic system including fluid, vessels, nodes, andorgans.3.Identify the structures of the immune system including organs, tissues, and cells.4.Identify the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct and describe the areas drained by each.5.Describe the general distribution of lymph nodes in the body.6.Describe the structure of the typical lymph node.7.Describe, in general, the plan of lymph circulation.
10RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1.List the functions of the respiratory system. Also, define the components of respiration.2.Identify the anatomy of the respiratory system. Describe changes in the microscopicanatomy of the respiratory system from nasal cavity to alveoli.3.Name the bones in which sinuses are found and describe the function of sinuses.4.Describe the anatomy of an alveolus5.Describe the parietal pleura.6.Contrast the left from the right lung.7.Describe the mechanics of breathing (ventilation) and muscles involved.8.Identify and describe the structures involved in the nervous control of ventilation.DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1.List the primary function(s) of each component of the digestive system.2.Describe the relative placement of the structures involved in the digestive system.3.Identify and define the peritoneum4.Describe the general histology of the digestive system from oral cavity to rectum.5.Identify and describe the location of the 3 major salivary glands.6.Describe the external and internal anatomy of the stomach and its major functions.7.Distinguish the different parts of the small and large intestines. State the primary functionsof small and large intestines.8.Describe the location and function of each accessory organ of digestion.9.Describe digestive processes placing the occurrence of each process in proper sequentialorder.
11URINARY SYSTEM 1.State the functions of the urinary system.2.Describe the internal and external anatomy of the kidneys.3.Describe the microscopic anatomy of the nephron, noting key arterioles and capillaries.State the function of each part of the nephron.4.Describe the histology of the ureters and urinary bladder.5.Describe normal micturition and its neural control.6.Trace a molecule of water from aorta to kidney to urethra.REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1.List the functions of the components of the reproductive systems.2.Identify and describe the structure of the male reproductive system.3.Identify and describe the structure of the female reproductive system.4.Describe the structure and position of the uterus.5.Describe the pathway taken by a sperm cell from the testes to the urethra.***************** End of Material for Exam 4