Describe dialeches whish is the heart soul finiarxism
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COURSE CODE: ECO 4301COURSE TITLE: POLITICAL ECONOMICSBYJOSEPH ALI PEPLENGQUESTION:1.DESCRIBE DIALECHES WHISH IS THE HEART SOUL FINIARXISM2.WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND AS PRIMARY CONCERN OF POLITICALECONOMY?3.HOW VALID IS THE ASSERTION THAT PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATIONPREPARES THE WAY FOR THE EVENTUAL EMERGENCE OF CAPITALISTMODE OF PRODUCTION?4.TO WHAT EXTENT DOES MARX LOGIC OF HISTORICAL MATERIALISMEXPLAIN THE CLASS CONTRADICTION IN THE SOCIETYLECTURER NAME: DR. SALISU ILYASUNOVEMBER, 20211
INTRODUCTIONDialetheism is the view that there are statements which are both true and false. More precisely, itis the belief that there can be a true statement whose negation is also true. Such statements arecalled "true contradictions", dialetheia, or nondualisms.Dialetheism is not a system of formal logic; instead, it is a thesis about truth that influences theconstruction of a formal logic, often based on pre-existing systems. Introducing dialetheism hasvarious consequences, depending on the theory into which it is introduced. A common mistakeresulting from this is to reject dialetheism on the basis that, in traditional systems of logic(e.g., classical logic and intuitionistic logic), every statement becomes a theorem if acontradiction is true, trivialising such systems when dialetheism is included as an axiom. Otherlogical systems, however, do not explode in this manner when contradictions are introduced;such contradiction-tolerant systems are known as paraconsistent logics. Dialetheists who do notwant to allow that every statement is true are free to favour these over traditional, explosivelogics.Graham Priest defines dialetheism as the view that there are true contradictions. Jc Beall isanother advocate; his position differs from Priest's in advocating constructive(methodological) deflationism regarding the truth predicate.The term political economy refers to a branch of social sciences that focuses on relationshipsbetween individuals, governments, and public policy. It is also used to describe the policies setby governments that affect their nations' economies.2
DESCRIBE DIALECHES WHISH IS THE HEART SOUL FINIARXISMThe word ‘dialetheism’ was coined by Graham Priest and Richard Routley (later Sylvan) in 1981(Priest et al 1989, p. xx). The inspiration for the name was a passage in Wittgenstein’s Remarkson the Foundations of Mathematics, concerning Russell’s paradox (see also below):Why should Russell’s contradiction not be conceived of as something supra-propositional,something that towers above the propositions and looks in both directions like a Janus head? Theproposition that contradicts itself would stand like a monument (with a Janus head) over thepropositions of logic (1978, III.59).A dialetheia is a two-way truth, facing both truth and falsity like a Janus-headed figure.Unfortunately, Priest and Routley forgot to agree how to spell the ‘ism’, and versions with andwithout the ‘e’ appear in print.In philosophy, there tends not to be a distinction between a view being inconsistent and beingincoherent. Both are unacceptable. Since dialetheism claims that some inconsistency can bemaintained without incoherence, these two concepts must be disentangled. For a start,dialetheism should be distinguished from so-called trivialism, that claim that all sentences aretrue, and hence all contradictions are true too (Kabay 2010). Dialetheism is the view that somecontradictions are true. A trivialist must be a dialetheist, since a trivialist accepts every claim.But since ‘some’ does not imply ‘all’, the converse is not the case: a dialetheist typically claimsthat only some (and, usually, very specific) sentences are dialetheias, not that all of them are.Trivialism is by all accounts incoherent, and so is minimally what counts as unacceptable evenfor someone who thinks that some contradictions are true.3
How to allow inconsistency without incoherence is one of the main topics of dialetheim. Astandard solution consists in subscribing to the view that deductive logical consequence isparaconsistent. A logical consequence relation ⊢is explosive if, according to it, a contradictionentails everything (ex contradictione quodlibet: for all A and B: A,¬A⊢B). It is paraconsistent ifand only if (iff) it is not explosive. By adopting a paraconsistent logic, a dialetheist cancountenance some contradictions without being thereby committed to countenancing everythingand, in particular, all contradictions. The development of paraconsistent logics has contributed tothe most recent developments (and acceptance of the legitimacy) of dialetheism.Dialetheism should, however, be clearly distinguished from paraconsistency. Whereasdialetheists must embrace some paraconsistent logic or other to avoid trivialism, paraconsistentlogicians need not be dialetheists: they may subscribe to a non-explosive view of entailment forother reasons. Within paraconsistency, one may distinguish (at least) four grades ofparaconsistent involvement (Beall and Restall 2006, p.80):Gentle-strength paraconsistency is simply the rejection of explosion with respect to logicalconsequence.Full-strength paraconsistency has it that there are interesting or important theories that areinconsistent but not trivial.Industrial-strength paraconsistency has it that some inconsistent but non-trivial theories arepossibly true.Dialetheic paraconsistency has it that some inconsistent but non-trivial theories are true.4
Most people working on paraconsistent logics have commitments at the lower grades of thespectrum. The unifying thought behind paraconsistency is gentle-strength: logical consequenceshould not validate arbitrary conclusions following indiscriminately from inconsistent premises.This may simply be because entailment must preserve more than just truth, e.g., informationcontent, topicality, or some meaningful connection between premises and conclusion. Or it maybe that a paraconsistent logician simply need not assume anything about truth in order to providea working treatment of inconsistency as it may arise in databases, legal situations, works offiction, theory change, belief-revision, etc.WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND AS PRIMARY CONCERN OF POLITICALECONOMY?The main concern of political economy is to determine the relationship between governmentsand individuals, and how public policy affects society. This is done through the study ofsociology, politics, and economics.HOW VALID IS THE ASSERTION THAT PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATION PREPARESTHE WAY FOR THE EVENTUAL EMERGENCE OF CAPITALIST MODE OFPRODUCTION?Some of the characteristics or themes of a political economy include the distribution of wealth,how goods and services are produced, who owns property and other resources, who profits fromproduction, supply and demand, and how public policy and government interaction impactsociety.TO WHAT EXTENT DOES MARX LOGIC OF HISTORICAL MATERIALISMEXPLAIN THE CLASS CONTRADICTION IN THE SOCIETY5
Historical materialism is a fundamental aspect of Marx and Engels' scientific socialism, arguingthat applying a scientific analysis to the history of human society reveals fundamentalcontradictions within the capitalist system that will be resolved when the proletariat seizes statepower and begins the process of implementing socialism.Historical materialism, also known as the materialist conception of history, is a methodologyused by scientific socialists and Marxist historiographers to understand human societies and theirdevelopment throughout history, arguing that historical changes in social structure are the resultof material and technological conditions rather than ideals. This was first articulated by KarlMarx (1818–1883) as the "materialist conception of history". It is principally a theory of historywhich asserts that the material conditions of a society's mode of production, or in Marxist termsthe union of a society's productive forces and relations of production, fundamentally determinesociety's organization and development.In seeking the causes of developments and changes in human society, historical materialismfocuses on the means by which humans collectively produce the necessities of life. It posits thatsocial classes and the relationship between them, along with the political structures and ways ofthinking in society, are founded on and reflect contemporary economic activity. Since Marx'stime, the theory has been modified and expanded by some writers. It now has many Marxist andnon-Marxist variants. Many Marxists contend that historical materialism is a scientific approachto the study of history.6
REFERENCESMarx, Karl (1845). "The Illusion of the Epoch". The German Ideology. Retrieved 5 March 2019.Marx, Karl (1845). "Idealism and Materialism". The German Ideology. Retrieved 12March 2019.Woods, Alan (2016). "What Is Historical Materialism?". In Defence of Marxism. InternationalMarxist Tendency. Retrieved 28 November 2017.Herbert A. Applebaum (1 January 1992). The Concept of Work: Ancient, Medieval, andModern. SUNY Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-7914-1101-8.Leszek Kołakowski (2005). Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders, the Golden Age, theBreakdown. W.W. Norton. p. 154-156. ISBN 978-0-393-06054-6.William Buck Guthrie (1907). Socialism Before the French Revolution: A History. Macmillan.pp. 306–307.Friedrich Engels. "Socialism: Utopian and Scientific". marxists.org. Marxists Internet Archive.Retrieved 6 September 2018.7