BST150 WINDOW ELEMENT (ASSIGNMENT 2)
.docx
School
Universiti Teknologi Mara**We aren't endorsed by this school
Course
FSPU AP119
Subject
Civil Engineering
Date
Dec 19, 2024
Pages
43
Uploaded by BaronKnowledge39928
UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY MARA SERI ISKANDAR DIPLOMA IN BUILDINGDEPARTMENT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE: BST 150 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II TITLE: COURSEWORK ASSIGNMENT 2 CODE PROGRAMME / GROUP: AP119 2A PREPARED FOR: SR. MOHD DZULKARNAEN BIN SUDIRMAN. PREPARED BY: SITI NOR AMIRAH BT NOR AZLAN MATRIC NO.: 2023804106 1
TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEGEMENT..............................................................................................4PREFACE...............................................................................................................51.0 BUILDING BACKGROUND..................................................................................61.1 HISTORY........................................................................................................61.2 LOCATION......................................................................................................61.3 BUILDING AREA.............................................................................................81.4 LAND AREA..................................................................................................142.0 WINDOW.........................................................................................................172.1 DEFINITION OF WINDOW..............................................................................172.2 FUNCTION OF WINDOW................................................................................172.3 LOCATION OF WINDOWS..............................................................................172.4 WINDOW SELECTION FACTORS...................................................................182.5 COMPONENTS OF A WINDOW.......................................................................182.6 TYPES OF WINDOWS....................................................................................192.6.2 SLIDING WINDOW...................................................................................202.6.3 PIVOTED WINDOW..................................................................................212.6.4 DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW........................................................................212.6.5 LOUVERED WINDOW..............................................................................222.6.6 CASEMENT WINDOW..............................................................................222.6.7 METAL WINDOW.....................................................................................232.6.8 SASH WINDOW.......................................................................................232.6.9 CORNER WINDOW..................................................................................242.6.10 BAY WINDOW.......................................................................................252.6.11 DORMER WINDOW................................................................................252.6.12 CLERE STOREY WINDOW.....................................................................262.6.13 LANTERN WINDOW...............................................................................262.6.14 GABLE WINDOW...................................................................................272.6.15 VENTILATORS.......................................................................................272.6.16 SKYLIGHTS..........................................................................................282.6.17 TOP HUNG............................................................................................283.0 CASE STUDY...................................................................................................293.1 TYPES OF WINDOW IN SITE BUILDING..........................................................293.1.1 CASEMENT WINDOW..............................................................................293.1.2 TOP HUNG WINDOW...............................................................................303.2.1 CASEMENT WINDOW DRAWING..............................................................312
3.2.1 TOP HUNG WINDOW DRAWING...............................................................333.2 COMPONENT WINDOW IN SITE STUDY.........................................................343.3 OVERVIEW WINDOW....................................................................................353.4 BUILDING PLAN...........................................................................................364.0 METHODE OF CONSTRUCTION........................................................................374.1 Planning.......................................................................................................374.2 Window Frame Installation............................................................................374.3Installing and foaming Windows in Buildings.................................................384.4 Window Installation......................................................................................394.5 Testing and Adjustment................................................................................414.6Final inspection............................................................................................41CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................42REFERENCES.......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. 3
ACKNOWLEGEMENT I would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who supported me throughoutthe course of this group assignment. Firstly, I would like to thank our Lecturer, Sr. MohdDzulkarnaen Bin Sudirman, for his guidance, encouragement, and invaluable feedback. I would like to acknowledge each member of my group in assignment 1 for help me to domy fieldwork to measure the element of this topic report. Our teamwork and shared effortmade this project both successful and enjoyable. Additionally, we extend our appreciation to our classmates and friends for their supportand helpful discussions. Their input and encouragement enriched our understanding of thesubject matter. Lastly, we would like to thank our families for their constant support and understandingthroughout this project. 4
PREFACE For this assignment, we get the chance to step out of the classroom and into the field tomeasure a building. This hands-on project will help us apply the concepts we have beenlearning in a practical setting and see how they work in real life. The building we havechosen is ideal for this assignment because it will allow us to practice our measuring skillsand understand the various dimensions and features of a real structure. By taking accuratemeasurements, we will gain a better understanding of the building's layout and design. During the visit, it is important to be precise and detailed. We will need to take carefulmeasurements and note down all the relevant dimensions. This data will be crucial for ouranalysis and for completing the assignment. After the site visit, we will compile ourmeasurements and observations into a detailed report. This will help us not only understandthe building better but also see how the theoretical knowledge we have gained in classapplies in a real-world context. This report touched about super structure window element. Super structure windowelements encompass the essential components that form the visible and functional aspectsof windows within a building's above-ground structure. These elements are crucial inarchitectural and construction contexts, defining both the aesthetic appeal and practicalfunctionality of windows. Key components include the frame, which provides structuralsupport and surrounds the entire window assembly, and the sashes that hold the glasspanes and can be configured for various types of movement. Glazing, comprising single,double, or triple-pane glass, ensures thermal insulation and soundproofing. Mullions andtransoms divide window openings into sections or separate windows from doors, while railsand jambs form the framework into which window components fit. Hardware such as locksand hinges allows for operation and secure closure, while weatherstripping and sealsenhance energy efficiency and weather resistance. Together, these elements contribute tothe overall comfort, aesthetics, and sustainability of a building by optimizing natural light,ventilation, and thermal performance.5
1.0 BUILDING BACKGROUND1.1 HISTORY In this assignment report our group had some discussion and decided to choose one ofthe buildings in UiTM Seri Iskandar to make it easier us to do work in a lengthy period oftime. UiTM Seri Iskandar one of the University Technology MARA Perak Branch. Theestablishment of University Technology MARA Perak Branch on 1 January 1985 marked animportant event in the educational landscape in the region. It was inaugurated by Y.A.B. TanSri Dato' Seri Ramli Ngah Talib, Menteri Besar of Perak, symbolizes a new era of academicprogress and opportunities for the community. Therefore, there are more than 10,000students who have pursued their studies here since the start of operations in 1999. Thisbranch campus is the eighth out of 13 UiTM campuses across the country including the maincampus in Shah Alam. The Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Faculty of Art & Design, Faculty ofComputer & Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, and Faculty ofAccountancy are the five faculties that are offered at UiTM Perak. To guarantee that UiTM'sproducts are prepared to serve both the local labour market and a global one, each facultyoffers a variety of diploma and degree courses. UiTM Perak received RM2,121 and wasnamed the debate contest champion in 2012. Apart from that, UiTM Perak graduates werenamed among the university's top graduates that year. Due to its achievements, UiTM Perakis now regarded as one of Malaysia's top universities, offering both competitive graduateprograms and high-calibre, innovative teaching programs. 1.2 LOCATION The site studies our grouping located in University Technology MARA Perak Branch(UiTM Seri Iskandar, Bota). Seri Iskandar Campus is in Perak Tengah District with an areaof approximately 392.36 acres. UiTM Seri Iskandar is surrounded by urban areas that havevarious facilities available in the area. Its strategic location next to the Ipoh-Lumut highwayhelps facilitate communication for both the cities of Ipoh and Lumut. The site building isFaculty of Architect Building, Annex 1 located in the southwest through the directions in theUiTM map and has 280 meters from Cempaka Sari College which is the centre and takes 4minutes to travel by foot. 6
Diagram 1.2.1 Perak Map: Perak Tengah District. Diagram 1.2.2 Location Plan: UiTM Seri Iskandar, Bota, Perak. Diagram 1.2.3 Site Plan: Annex 1. 7
1.3 BUILDING AREA Faculty of Architect Building, Annex 1 is for student under FSPU programme which is study in architecture course. This building started build on 15 January 1999and requires a construction cost of rm15,000,000 which has been managed by several companies. Among them, Focus Architect Sd. Bhd. companies was responsible for designing the architectural plan of the building. Next, Dr. Nik Associates Sdn. Bhd. was focus on civil and structure. Meanwhile, Budiman Ismail Const. Sdn managed mechanical, and electrical construction. Bhd. Lastly, for construction was managed by Skyt. Syariff Din Sdn. Bhd. This project took years until the building was fully completed on 8 October 2002. This building started being occupied for student until now. Besides, this building has ground floor and four level or it totally has five level. Mostly, in this building has five classroom and twenty studios. Classroom just only available in ground floor level which is student another course can use it. Also, ground floor and first level have a lecturer room in amount forty-two room. Next, each level has toilets for women and men. The store only has one which is on the ground floor, it easy for cleaner service take it their equipment for do their work. Each level is reserved according to the student's semester. Such as first level is for semester one, second level for semester two and 3rdand 4thlevel is for senior student. We are choosing second level and take a studio room as our fieldwork because it easy for us to communicate with them for making their studio as a place for to do our fieldwork. The purpose of this fieldwork is to identify the element's location and determine the dimension and of main and secondary for each element in the building. 8
Diagram 1.3.1 Ground floor Floorplan. Diagram 1.3.2. First level Floor Plan 9
Diagram 1.3.3. Second level Floor Plan Diagram 1.3.4. Third level Floor Plan 10
Diagram 1.3.5 Fourth level Floor Plan. Diagram 1.3.6 Elevation Plan. 11
Diagram 1.3.7 Front Elevation of Building Diagram 1.3.8 Right Elevation of Building 12
Diagram 1.3.9 Left Elevation of Building Diagram 1.3.10 Rear Elevation of Building 13
1.4 LAND AREA The architecture faculty building is in a strategic place. This building is built on flat groundcompared to other faculty buildings. It also has a slight admixture of silty soil from erodedrocks caused by water. However, this building is constructed on a firm foundation. Thebuilding is surrounded by forest at the back of the building called Lala land. While the front ofthe building has a book garden and He & She Cafe. The strategic position of this bookstore,it easy for student for print any assignment or assessment or buy any stationary. Besides, onthe right side is the landscape faculty building and on the left side is the surveying facultybuilding and Map Lab. The parking lot has three related to this building which front of thisbuilding, beside Map Lab and back Landscape building. Mostly, lecturer and student willpark their car or motorcycle in front in this building. The land area of the building is expectedto be around two acres. The plants around the front, left and right of the building are lesswhich causes the temperature inside the building to be high due to the presence of a lot ofheat. Diagram 1.4.1 Land Area 14
Diagram 1.4.2 View of Front Elevation Diagram 1.4.3 View of Right Elevation 15
Diagram 1.4.4 View of Left Elevation Diagram 1.4.5 View of Rear Elevation 16
2.0 WINDOW 2.1 DEFINITION OF WINDOW Window is an opening especially in the wall of a building for admission of light and air that isusually closed by casement or sashes containing transparent material such as glass andcapable of being opened and shut. Windows are usually fitted with frames in which are setmovable sashes containing panes of glass.2.2 FUNCTION OF WINDOW A window’s primary function is to allow for daylight and a view.Allows natural light to enter a building, illuminating the interior spaces. Providing ventilation which is providing adequate controlled air exchange whileminimizing infiltration and exfiltration brought on by uncontrolled air exchangerequires careful design.A barrier to heat flow where it can help with home insulation and temperature control,giving its occupants a more comfortable indoor climate. Block the transmission of sound by increasing of mind for residents. Increasing home privacy, giving owners quiet time when they want it, and securingtheir interests.It is one of the most aesthetic buildings where there are a variety of window styles,shapes, and sizes available to homeowners, allowing them to improve aestheticwithout sacrificing functionality. 2.3 LOCATION OF WINDOWSThe number of should be kept minimum. The location of window should be meet functional requirements of the room. The window should be located in opposite wall, facing a door or another window, toachieve cross ventilation. From the point of view of fresh air , a window should be located on the northern sideof a room. The sill should be located about 70 to 80 cm about floor level of the room. 17
2.4 WINDOW SELECTION FACTORSThe selection of windows must follow several factors based on the appropriate location:Climate Conditions Frames and shutters made of steel are not an excellent choice for areas closer to the sea,as they are prone to corrosion. Therefore, it is necessary to use materials that are notexposed to corrosion in this area. In extreme climatic conditions (either hot or cold), windowdimensions should be such that the external environment has the least effect on theenvironment inside the house. Likewise, in temperate climates, the amount of sunlightentering the home must be considered when choosing a location for the glass.Purpose and position Open windows only when necessary and for intended use. As an illustration. Interiorwindows are different from exterior windows, which may have two completely different setsof requirements. Always choose durable materials for the exterior, and secure fasteners arealways a priority. On the other hand, the interior should be light enough to be managed by allfamily members without difficulty.Type of material The right choice of material is important so that it has a positive effect on the windowelement and on the cost involved. For example, heavy wood, steel, glass, or fiberglassconstruction are good materials that will last for years.Architectural perspective Style choices, including colour schemes, doors, or windows, which depend on individualpreferences and tastes and even suit the environment.2.5 COMPONENTS OF A WINDOW Window consists of two parts:-1)Window frameIt is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members, forming an enclosure, to which theshutters are fixed. 2)Window shutter These are the openable parts of a window. 18
Figure 2.4: Component of a windowHead - The main horizontal component that forms the window frame’s top. Jamb -The primary vertical members that make up a window frame’s sides.Glass - The materials with frame inside a window frame. Sill - The main horizontal component that makes up the bottom of a window frame. Sash - A single styles and rails assembly that has been transformed into a glass-holding frame. Mullion - A vertical bar placed in a window’s space between the glass panes. Grilles - That are installed over the entire glass panel of a window.Lintel – Short beam with its ends built into a wall. It is a horizontal structural memberplaced over small openings of the wall for door and window. 2.6 TYPES OF WINDOWS There are so many types of windows are available based on their position, materials, andfunctioning. Windows are classified as follows : 2.6.1 FIXED WINDOWFixed windows are fixed to the wall without any closing or opening operation. In general, they are provided to transmit the light into the room. Fully glazed shutters are fixed to the window frame. The shutters provided are weatherproof. This types of window are used in situations where light or vision alone is possible through fixed windows. 19
Figure 2.6.1: Fixed window 2.6.2 SLIDING WINDOWThis is window shutters are moveable in the frame. The movement may be horizontal orvertical based on our requirements. The movement of shutters is done by the provision ofroller bearings. This type of window is provided in buses, bank counters, shops, and drivethru restaurants. Figure 2.6.2: Sliding window. 20
2.6.3 PIVOTED WINDOW This window has a section that is turned near the middle so that the top of the sectionswings in and the bottom swings out. Pivots are provided on the window frame. The pivot isthe shaft that helps swing the shutter. No rebate required for frame. The swing may be eitherhorizontal or vertical based on the position of the pivot.Figure 2.6.3: Pivoted window2.6.4 DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW Double hung windows consist of pair of shutters attached to one frame. The shutters arearranged one above the other. These two shutters can slide vertically with in the frame. So,we can open the windows on top or at bottom to our required level. To operate the doublehung windows, a chain or cord consisting of metal weights is metal provided which isconnected over pulleys. So, by pulling the weights of cord the shutters can move vertically.Then we can fix the windows at our required position of ventilation or light.Figure 2.6.4: Double Hung window 21
2.6.5 LOUVERED WINDOWLouvered windows are blinds with angled horizontal slats. These windows are similar tolouver doors provided for ventilation without any outside vision. Louvers may be made ofwood, glass, or metal. Louvers can also be folded by providing a cord on the pulley. We canmaintain the slope of the louvers by tilting the chord and lifting the chord. The recommendedangle of inclination of the louvers is about 45o. The louvers tilt downwards outwards to drainrainwater. It is provided for bathroom, toilet, and privacy place. Figure 2.6.5: Louvered window 2.6.6 CASEMENT WINDOW Casement windows are the widely used and common windows nowadays. The shutters areattached to frame and these can be opened and closed like door shutters. Rebates areprovided to the frame to receive the shutters. The panels of shutters may be single ormultiple. Sometimes wired mesh is provided to stop entering of flies.Figure 2.6.6: Casement window 22
2.6.7 METAL WINDOW Metal windows, mild steel is used for making metal windows. These are ridiculously cheapand have more strength. So, now days these are widely using especially for public buildings,private building and else. Some other metals like aluminium, bronze, stainless steel alsoused to make windows. But they are costly compared to mild steel windows. For normalcasement windows also, metal shutters are provided to give dedicated support to the panels.Figure 2.6.7: Metal window 2.6.8 SASH WINDOW A sash window is made of one or more movable panels or "sashes" that form a frame to holdpanes of glass, which are often separated from other panes (or "lights") by narrow muntin.This is a type of casement window, but in this case the panel is fully glazed. It consists ofupper, lower, and intermediate rails. The space between the rails is divided into small panelsusing small wooden members called sash bars or glass bars.23
Figure 2.6.8: Sash window 2.6.9 CORNER WINDOW As in the name itself corner windows are provided at the corners of room. That meanscorner windows has two faces in perpendicular directions. By providing this type of windows,light or air can be entered into room in two different directions. To provide this type ofwindow special lintel is provided in the wall. Corner windows will give aesthetic appearanceto the building.Figure 2.6.9: Corner window 24
2.6.10 BAY WINDOW Bay windows are projected windows form wall which are provided to increase the area ofopening, which enables more ventilation and light form outside. This is a multi-panel window,with at least three panels set at different angles to create a protrusion from the wall line. Theprojection of bay windows is of different shapes. It may be triangular, rectangular, orpolygonal. They give beautiful appearance to the structure. Figure 2.6.10: Bay window. 2.6.11 DORMER WINDOW Dormer windows are provided for sloped roofs. These are projected from the sloping surfaceas shown in below image. They provide ventilation as well as lighting to the room. They alsoenhance aesthetic sense of room.Figure 2.6.11: Dormer window. 25
2.6.12 CLERE STOREY WINDOW If the rooms in a building are of different ceiling heights, Clere storey windows are providedfor the room which has greater ceiling height than the other rooms. The shutters able toswing with the help of cord over pulleys. These also enhances the beauty of building.Figure 2.6.12: Clere storey window. 2.6.13 LANTERN WINDOW Lantern windows are provided for over the flat roofs. The main purpose of this window is toprovide the lighter and air circulation to the interior rooms. They are projected from the roofsurface so we can close the roof surface when we required. Figure 2.6.13: Lantern window.26
2.6.14 GABLE WINDOW Gable windows are provided for pitch roof buildings. These windows are provided at thegable end of pitch roof so; they are called as gable windows. They also improve theappearance of building.Figure 2.6.14: Gable window. 2.6.15 VENTILATORS Ventilators are provided for the purpose of ventilation in the room. They are provided atgreater height than windows nearer to roof level, about 30 to 50 cm below roof level. It is inridiculously small size. Horizontally pivoted shutters are provided for ventilators. Sometimesshutter is replaced by wired mesh, in this case sunshade is provided to prevent againstrainwater.Figure 2.6.15: Ventilators 27
2.6.16 SKYLIGHTS Skylight or provided on the top of the sloped roof. To bring light into the room, skylights areprovided. It is provided parallel to the sloping surface. The skylight can be opened when weneed it. Lead gutters are arranged into a frame to make them waterproof.Figure 2.6.16: Skylights 2.6.17 TOP HUNG Top hung windows are also called awning windows. They are similar to traditional casementwindows but are hinged at the top rather than the side. They are ideal for all climates as theyare tough protector of rain and wind to ensure your property is ventilated but weatherproof. Figure 2.6.17: Top Hung window. 28
3.0 CASE STUDY 3.1 TYPES OF WINDOWS IN SITE BUILDINGAfter identifying types of windows in site building, ANNEX 1, this building uses two types ofwindows on suitable locations. Among them, it uses casement windows and top hung.3.1.1 CASEMENT WINDOW The windows type that I found in site study are a casement window. This window hadcombination with top hung as the one completed window. The location of the window isopposite of the wall which is facing the door to achieve cross ventilation. Besides, thepositioned view a scenery area around the building. In the studio that as case study, it wasfound that there were six pairs of windows in each studio. Where each pair has threewindows as shown on Figure 3.1.1, as the opening and closing of the space that allows it tofunction as a ventilation circulation path, allowing light to enter the space to illuminate thespace with natural light. This window is also one of the ways of heat from the hightemperature, outside area to the low temperature, inside area of the studio. Figure 3.1.1: Casement window in Site Building.29
3.1.2 TOP HUNG WINDOW Another window (Lekshmi, 2022)are top hung which that is positioned view in thebuilding area such as classrooms opposite, lecturers' rooms and corridors. The total numberof these windows is the same as the windows, that is, there are six pairs of windows in eachstudio where each pair has three windows as shown in Figure 3.1.2.1. These windows workin the same way as casement windows that allow them to function as a ventilation circulationpath. However, it has the disadvantage that the lighting entering the room is extremelylimited. These windows perform their function by rain protection from into the interiorarea also releasing the heat energy received from the casement. Besides, the position of thiswindow is higher where it is under the beam as shown on Figure 3.1.2.2. Lastly, the size ofthis window is ridiculously minor compared to a casement window.Figure 3.1.2.1: Ventilators in site building Figure 3.1.2.2: Position of Ventilators. 30
3.2 MEASURED DRAWING3.2.1 CASEMENT WINDOW DRAWINGThis is a representation of the window after being drawn based on a scale of 1:100according to the actual size of the casement window with top hung. This drawing showsperspective elevation, section and plan along with the measurements. PerspectiveDrawingCasement sizeFrame size31
ElevationSectionPlan32
3.2.1 TOP HUNG WINDOW DRAWINGThis is a representation of the window after being drawn based on a scale of 1:100according to the actual size of the top hung. This drawing shows perspective elevation,section and plan along with the measurements. PerspectiveDrawingTop hung sizeFrame sizeElevation33
SectionPlan3.2 COMPONENT WINDOW IN SITE STUDYThis window has several components. Among them, there is a frame, top rail, bottom rail, jamb, mullion, pane, and lock. But in casement window has an extra component which is transom. Figure 3.2.1: Component of casement window34
Figure 3.2.2: Component of top hung window3.3 OVERVIEW WINDOWIn this case study, we are focusing on second floor of Annex 1. On this floor, we chose bothof the wings of the building. Both of wings using the casement and top hung window. Eachwing has 6 pair of both window type. There is a dimension and material using of eachwindow also the total of window. TYPEDIMENSIONMATERIALTOTALNUMBERCOLOURCASEMENTWINDOWFRAME:1500mm × 1800mmCASEMENT:1130mm × 550mm310mm × 550mmGLASSALUMINIUM12TOP HUNGWINDOWFRAME:580mm × 1800mmTOP HUNG:580mm × 580mm GLASS ALUMINIUM12From the table above, it concludes that the casement window measuring is 1500mm ×1800mm. Besides, for top hung window measuring is 580mm × 1800mm. Both of them using35
a same material which is glass for pane and aluminium for the frame and anothercomponent. Total number of both window in both wings are 12 pair. 3.4 BUILDING PLAN 4.0 METHODE OF CONSTRUCTION 36
4.1 PlanningPlease measure the exposed dimensions in the building construction and compare with thewindow size (Figure 4.1.1). In addition, it should also ensure that all exposed surfaces areclean and free from dust. This will ensure that the sealant can be perfectly attached to thestone.The space between exposure and frame is separated into three levels with differentrequirements. It must be vapor-tight on the inside, filled with insulating material in the middleand open to vapor diffusion on the outside. Poorly insulated exposures can have a negativeeffect on the U-value of the glass as well as on the construction side of the frame. There arevarious insulating materials for these three levels of sealing which are inner, middle, andouter.Figure 4.1.1: Measured the exposed dimensions.4.2 Window Frame InstallationAfter the frame is prepared for installation, it can be inserted and adjusted. Carefully placethe window frame in the wall opening (Figure 4.2.1). Check the vertical and horizontalorientation of the frame and adjust it with the included washers. It is especially important towork precisely, to ensure that the window can be opened and closed smoothly afterwards(Figure 4.2.2).37
Figure 4.2.1: Installing of frame window Figure 4.2.2: Check vertical and horizontal orientation.4.3Installing and foaming Windows in Buildings.The following steps can only be done, after the seal has been successfully installed and theelements are perfectly aligned in the wall opening. Screw the window frame firmly to thewall. Drill in the mounting holes with an impact drill (Figure 4.3.1). Screw in the mountingscrews. As soon as you make sure that the construction elements are perfectly verticallyadjusted in the construction, next can start foaming the gap between the frame insulationand the wall (Figure 4.3.2). Install the insulation foil internal to the wall after the foamingprocedure. Cover the window with mounting foam and sealing tape. Always be careful withthe dosage of construction foam, as it expands after contact with fresh air. Excessconstruction foam can be cut after installation, but it will result in a certain amount ofadditional effort.38
Figure 4.3.1: Drill in the mountingFigure 4.3.2: Foaming the gap between wall and frame. 4.4 Window InstallationAfter the construction foam between the wall and the frame has hardened, then can startwith the installation of windows. Remove the panes for smooth installation. Remove thelocking pin with a screwdriver downwards (Figure 4.4.1). Remove the protective foil from thearea around the handle position (Figure 4.4.2). All other foil should remain on the window toprotect the glass and lacquer from damage during installation. Attach the handle to thewindow and place it in a safe area. Now remove the protective foil from the outside. The foilshould remain on other parts of the construction as well. To prevent the uncovered part fromgetting dirty, it is then necessary to remove the foil from the outside of the frame only when39
ready for the next step of the installation procedure. Carefully insert the casement orventilators and reinstall the locking pin (Figure 4.4.3).Figure 4.4.1: Remove the locking pin.Figure 4.4.2: Remove protective foil. 40
Figure 4.4.3: Insert the casement / ventilators. 4.5 Testing and AdjustmentClose the windows and make sure they can be opened and closed properly. Check for anygaps or drafts and apply additional caulking if necessary. New iron posts need to be perfectlyadjusted to ensure reliable thermal insulation after installation.4.6Final inspectionInspect the window installation from the inside and outside to ensure it meets qualitystandards and is securely installed.41
CONCLUSION In conclusion, the Annex 1 building has a super structure which is several elements thatcomplete the use of this building. each element has its own function. As discussed in thisreport, it discusses about window elements. In the annex 1 building, using two types ofwindows, namely casement and top hung windows. where each studio we studied has 6pairs of windows and each pair has 3 windows. Each window uses glass and aluminiummaterials. besides that, this window works as the opening and closing of the space thatallows a ventilation circulation path and allowing light. This window was chosen based onseveral factors including, the weather conditions where the weather in the Seri Iskandar areais hot and humid. Seri Iskandar area will receive hot weather distribution and high rainfalldistribution according to the time of each month. In addition, the position of this window ismore effective based on the direction of the wind and the direction of the light that will bereceived in the studio. Therefore, this window is the best choice for inside the studio to carryout more comfortable and effective learning.42
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